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ART HISTORY
2017 SCORING GUIDELINES
Question 2 (continued)
almost a mile and contains over 100,000 stone statues, 60 stupas, and nearly 3,000 inscriptions. The largest
and most imposing of these groupings is known as the Fengxian Temple, where a colossal Vairocana
Buddha is flanked by eight massive attendants and numerous small figures in a wide semicircle. Differing
from the historical Shakyamuni Buddha worshipped at the Great Stupa, the Vairocana Buddha is the
celestial Buddha who transcends space and time, the entire universe emanating from his presence. In the
Mahayana School the Vairocana Buddha is a savior.
At Fengxian Temple the Vairocana Buddha is carved wearing graceful, flowing monastic robes with a
rounded face, downcast eyes, and the hint of a smile. He sits cross-legged in the lotus pose and displays
conventions such as elongated earlobes, a topknot (ushnisha), and downcast eyes. Behind him a once-
painted halo and a flaming mandorla are carved into the cave wall.
The Buddha is flanked by two disciples (arhats). These are believed to be Ananda and Kasyapa,
identifiable by their shaven heads, long earlobes, and halos. The Buddha is also attended by divine beings
called bodhisattvas who are able to reach nirvana but delay in doing so out of compassion for the suffering.
The bodhisattvas wear heavy jeweled ornaments, crowns, and pendants. Like the Buddha, the
bodhisattvas present idealized visions of the Buddhist faith, with their small mouths, arched eyebrows,
and tiny pointed chins that suggest a pure and fleeting beauty.
At the outermost points of the semicircle four figures protect the Buddha’s state of meditative bliss. Two
are heavenly kings, one of whom displays in his hand a small stupa, a symbol of the Buddhist faith, as he
crushes an evil spirit. The other two are guardian figures, known in Buddhist cosmology as thunderbolt
holders (vajrapani). Their agitated facial expressions and dynamic yet tense posturing — arms, legs, and
chests all carved with prominent musculature — contrasts sharply with the rounded, serene countenances
and graceful, composed stances of the Vairocana Buddha and his other attendants.
Explain how two features of the complex are typical of the visual traditions of the region.
The Vairocana Buddha at Fengxian Temple continued a tradition of carving monumental figures of the
Buddha on cliffs at strategic sites along the Silk Road, such as Bamiyan in present-day Afghanistan.
Alongside these complexes developed large communities of Buddhist monks who assisted in the spread of
Buddhist ideas and traditions.
The visual tradition of portraying the Buddha in human form developed along the Silk Road, spreading
eastward into China along with the beliefs and practices associated with the Mahayana Buddhist faith.
The graceful, linear Tang style of this particular Buddha demonstrates the influence of the sect of Pure
Land Buddhism, which was particularly influential during the Tang Dynasty when these figures were
made. The halo and flaming mandorla carved into the cave wall behind the Vairocana Buddha are
characteristic of representations of the supreme being in the Pure Land faith. In addition, the image of a
supreme deity resonated with the imperial aims of the Tang emperor and marks a distinct change from the
earlier historical, or Shakyamuni, Buddha in its scale and cosmic aura.
The presence of arhats is appropriate in a cave setting in that they traditionally dwell in remote places,
their influence on earthly affairs having ceased. Like the Buddha, the arhats are robed as monks and
depicted with haloes to distinguish them from ordinary beings. The arhats and the bodhisattvas flanking
the Buddha reflect a graceful quality derived from the influence of traditional Indian sculpture.
The heavenly kings, too, bear traditional Indian visual traits: for example, in their clothing and their poses,
with hands on hips. These heavenly kings symbolize the elements and protect the continents located in
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