GENDER EQUALITY AT THE
COMMONWEALTH GAMES, PART I:
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Bruce Kidd
and
Mark Norman
University of Toronto
June 2014
CSPS Research Report
www.sportpolicystudies.ca
CENTRE FOR SPORT POLICY STUDIES
RESEARCH REPORTS
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The Centre for Sport Policy Studies (CSPS) in the Faculty of Kinesiology and
Physical Education at the University of Toronto is engaged in empirically-based
research in the service of sport policy, monitoring and evaluation studies, and
education and advocacy for the two most important ambitions of Canadian sport:
‘sport for all’ (widespread grassroots participation) and healthy high performance
in elite-level sports. The Research Reports represent an important part of the
work of CSPS.
Research Report Editor:
Peter Donnelly (Director, Centre for Sport Policy Studies)
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Copyright for this paper: Bruce Kidd ([email protected])
Centre for Sport Policy Studies
Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education
55 Harbord Street
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2W6
www.sportpolicystudies.ca
Kidd, B., & Norman, M. (2014). Gender Equality at the Commonwealth Games, Part
I: A Historical Perspective. Centre for Sport Policy Studies Research Report.
Toronto: Centre for Sport Policy Studies, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical
Education, University of Toronto.
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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements 3
Executive Summary 4
The Commonwealth Games 5
The Commonwealth Games: An Overview 5
The CGF and Gender Equality 6
The Report: Context and Methodology 7
Gender Inequality in Sport: The Problem 7
Context and Rationale 7
Methodology 8
Gender Representation at the Commonwealth Games: A Historical Perspective 11
Gender Equality at the Commonwealth Games: 1998-2010 15
Medal Opportunities and Total Entries 15
Gendered Differences in Sports and Events 18
Gender Exclusive Events 19
Events with Gender Differences 20
Events with Similar Rules and Structures for Men and Women 21
Co-ed Events 21
Conclusions and Recommendations 21
References 23
Appendixes 24
Appendix 1 – Tables: Gender Exclusive, Gender Similar, Gender Different, and Co-ed
Events, 1998-2010 24
Appendix 2 – Tables: Total Entries and Medal Events by Core and Optional Sports,
1998-2010 34
Appendix 3 – All Sports and Disciplines on the Commonwealth Games Programme by
Year, 1998-2014 38
Appendix 3 – Minimum and Maximum Number of Entries for Individuals Sports
(provided by the CGF) 41
Appendix 4 – Master Tables: Total Entries in all Events, 1998-2010 44
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Acknowledgements
Peter Donnelly and Michele Donnelly (Donnelly & Donnelly, 2013) established a
model for gender equality audits within the Centre for Sport Policy Studies, and it
is in the spirit of their initial analysis that this Report has been conducted. We
must first acknowledge both scholars for their leadership in this area. We would
also like to recognize the contribution and cooperation of Michael Hooper, Chief
Executive Officer of the Commonwealth Games Federation, who supplied much
of the data used in this report; Louise Martin, Chair of the Commonwealth
Advisory Board on Sport, Malcolm Dingwall-Smith, Commonwealth Secretariat,
and Brian MacPherson, Chief Executive Officer of Commonwealth Games
Canada, who made helpful comments.
This Report retrospectively examines four Commonwealth Games and a
wide range of sports, disciplines, and events. While we have made every
effort to correctly interpret the rules and regulations governing all events
on the programme at these Games, and to acknowledge the limitations of
our ability to retroactively analyze certain data, we recognize that there
may be instances in which we misinterpreted or misrepresented rules or
missed instances of gender differences. Thus, although we present this
Report as the “final” edition of this retrospective examination of gender
equality at the Commonwealth Games, we consider it to be a living
document and we would welcome any feedback or corrections (with any
relevant supporting documentation or references) that might improve the
accuracy of our analysis. If there any corrections required, the Report will
be appropriately amended and republished.
Bruce Kidd ([email protected])
Mark Norman ([email protected])
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Executive Summary
This audit of opportunities for competition and medals is the first of two reports
from the Centre for Sport Policy Studies examining gender equality at the
Commonwealth Games. It will be followed by a second report later this year that
will provide a detailed examination of gender equality at the 2014 Glasgow
Commonwealth Games. The reports are being conducted in the spirit of the
Commonwealth Games Federation’s clear and admirable commitment to gender
equality, and aim to identify areas in which the Federation is achieving this
commitment or in which it needs improvement. These reports build on the work
of the Centre for Sport Policy Studies on gender equality at sport mega-events,
specifically the 2012 London Summer Olympics (Donnelly & Donnelly, 2013) and
2014 Sochi Winter Olympics (Donnelly, Norman & Donnelly, 2014); and in
Canadian interuniversity sport (Donnelly, Kidd, & Norman, 2011; Donnelly,
Norman, & Kidd, 2013).
This Report retroactively examines gender equality at the past four
Commonwealth Games: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998), Manchester, England
(2002), Melbourne, Australia (2006), and Delhi, India (2010). At the past two
Commonwealth Games, women’s events have made up a greater percentage of
the total programme (47 percent in 2006 and 46 percent in 2010) than they did in
London’s so-called “women’s Olympics” of 2012 (45 percent; cf. Donnelly &
Donnelly, 2013). Nonetheless, women in these Games constituted only 40
percent (Melbourne) and 41 percent (Delhi) of the total entries in all events,
suggesting that Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) are not entering
women as readily as they enter men. The major finding of this Report is thus that,
while medal events and total entries are increasing for women, a gap remains
between men and women in both measures. A secondary finding is that, while
the majority of events on the Games’ programme do not contain major structural
inequalities, a large proportion of events remain gender exclusive or involve
significant differences between the men’s and women’s competition.
Given that the Commonwealth Games Federation and the Glasgow 2014
Organizing Committee have enacted further competition opportunities for women
in Glasgow, the authors will postpone specific recommendations until they have
analyzed the data from the upcoming 2014 Games. For now, the authors
propose only the broad recommendations that the Commonwealth Games
Federation continues to move toward equal medal opportunities for men and
women, continues to work with the CGAs and their respective governments to
increase the actual and proportional participation of women athletes at the
Games, and begins an examination and discussion of the number and nature of
gender-different events. We also recommend that Commonwealth governments
continue to their work to advance opportunities for girls and women in every
aspect of sport and physical activity.
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While the challenge of gender equality affects coaches, officials, decision-makers
and the representation of women in the mass media, this audit only addresses
opportunities for athletes. We hope to obtain the data necessary to analyse these
other categories of participation in Commonwealth sport for future Reports.
The Commonwealth Games
The Commonwealth Games: An Overview
The Commonwealth Games are a quadrennial sporting competition for 71
nations or territories that are part of the 53 countries comprising the
Commonwealth of Nations. The Commonwealth Games is the world’s third
largest, regularly scheduled, multisport event; at the most recent Games, held in
New Delhi, India, 6,127 athletes and officials participated (Organizing Committee,
2010). The Games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation
(CGF), which is “responsible for the direction and control of the Commonwealth
Games” (CGF, 2014c, para. 3).
The Games have been held every four years since 1930, with the exception of a
hiatus from 1938-1950 due to the Second World War. The Games have had four
different names in their history: British Empire Games (1930-1950), British
Empire and Commonwealth Games (1958-1966), British Commonwealth Games
(1970-1974), and finally Commonwealth Games (1978-present). The 2014
edition of the Commonwealth Games will take place in Glasgow, Scotland and
the 2018 Games will be hosted in Gold Coast, Australia. In 2015, the host of the
2022 Games will be selected from two bids: Edmonton, Canada and Durban,
South Africa.
As explained by the CGF (2014b), the Commonwealth Games programme
consists of 10 core sports and a variety of optional sports. Each Games must
feature the core sports (which may be expanded to include women’s events in
boxing and rugby sevens) and up to seven optional sports or disciplines. As an
example, the cycling options are road, track and mountain biking and a host can
include any or all of these disciplines. Similarly in athletics, race walks is an
optional element as are diving and synchronized swimming events in aquatics.
Table 12 outlines the sports or disciplines featured on the programme from 1998
until the upcoming 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games.
Para-sport events have been held at the Commonwealth Games since 1990 in
Auckland, and they have been integrated with the programme since 1994 in
Victoria. Sports/disciplines that have included para-sport events are athletics,
lawn bowls, swimming, table tennis, and weightlifting (CGF, 2014a). The 2014
Glasgow Games will feature 22 para-sport events in five sports/disciplines.
Disability track cycling will be included on the programme for the first time in
Commonwealth Games’ history, and there will also be para-sport competitions in
athletics, lawn bowls, swimming, and weightlifting (“Glasgow 2014 to Stage,”
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2012). See Table 13 for a list of para-sport sports/disciplines included at
Commonwealth games between 1998 and 2014. While disability sport is not the
focus of this Report, the authors recognize that inequalities exist based upon
multiple and intersecting forms of identity (including gender, ability, class, race,
ethnicity and sexual orientation). As such, the authors applaud the CGF for its
efforts to integrate para-sport events into its Games programme and urge it to
continue to seek ways to include greater numbers of disability sport athletes in
the Commonwealth Games.
The CGF and Gender Equality
The CGF explicitly recognizes gender equality as a key pillar of its work,
including amongst athletes and administrators. This commitment is made clear in
the CGF Constitution (CGF, 2013), which includes the following objectives:
To promote the shared values of integrity, fair play, competence,
commitment to excellence, respect for gender equality and tolerance,
including the fight against the use in sport of drugs and of unhealthy or
performance enhancing substances (Article 2.5, emphasis added).
For the Commonwealth Games and generally in respect of all activities of
the Federation and events under its control, there shall be no
discrimination against any country or person on any grounds
whatsoever, including race, colour, gender, religion or politics (Article
7, emphasis added).
Both genders shall contribute at least 20% or two (2) of the
representatives on the Executive Board and on the Sports Committee and
any other committees and commissions formed by the Executive Board,
whichever is the lower. If such gender representation is not filled by
election, the Executive Board shall co-opt representatives to the Executive
Board in accordance with the procedures set out in Regulation 4 (Article
17).
Furthermore, the CGF recognizes gender equality as a major factor in the
selection of events for its sport programme, alongside the factors of popularity
within Commonwealth countries, excellence, and marketability:
The Commonwealth Games retains its status as a leader in promoting
gender equity. A factor that will be taken into account for future
programme decisions is that sports have a balanced participation (World
Championships and other International Federation recognised events) and
profile (elected body) for males and females (CGF, 2013, Regulation 6.3).
Clearly gender equality is a foundational component of the CGF’s work and is an
area that in policy and action the CGF is taking concrete steps to address. This
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Report aims to contribute to that process by providing data and analysis of
gender inequality at past Commonwealth Games in order to highlight areas in
which the CGF is achieving its gender equality goals and those in which
improvement is still needed.
The Report: Context and Methodology
Gender Inequality in Sport: The Problem
As Donnelly and Donnelly (2013) highlighted, the 2012 London Summer Olympic
Games were hailed by sport leaders and media as a milestone in women’s
participation and achievement in sport. Indeed, the 2012 Games featured record
numbers of women athletes and women’s medal events. However, the authors
noted that there is still much work to be done if gender equality is to be achieved
within the Olympic Games; in particular, Donnelly and Donnelly (2013)
highlighted issues of unequal leadership opportunities, funding and sponsorship,
media representation, sex testing, and structuring of events between men and
women athletes. With a focus on the latter issue, the authors comprehensively
documented the ways in which men’s and women’s Olympic sports remain
decidedly unequal. A second report focusing on the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics
(Donnelly, Norman & Donnelly, 2014) made similar findings.
The structural gender inequality in the Olympic Games is a product of the much
larger context of gender inequality in sport. Despite significant gains by women in
the twentieth century, sport is widely understood to be a male-dominated realm in
which women are marginalized and hegemonic masculinity is prized (Birrell,
2000). Sport is also a rare social institution in which formal gender segregation is
the norm and is generally accepted even by sport equality activists (Messner,
2009). Given the “separate-but-equal” approach to athletic competition taken by
international sport federations and organizations (including the CGF), it is critical
to examine the differences between men’s and women’s opportunities and
resources in order to assess whether gender equality is truly being realized
(Donnelly & Donnelly, 2013).
Context and Rationale
This audit is the first part of two reports from the Centre for Sport Policy Studies
examining gender equality at the Commonwealth Games; it will be followed by a
second report later this year that will provide a detailed examination of gender
equality at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games. The reports are being
conducted in the spirit of the CGF’s clear and admirable commitment to gender
equality, and aim to identify areas in which the federation is achieving this
commitment or in which it could improve.
The Centre for Sport Policy Studies has made gender equality a major focus of
its research, and these reports build on the work that has already been
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conducted within the Centre on gender equality at sport mega-events, specifically
the 2012 London Summer Olympics (Donnelly & Donnelly, 2013) and 2014 Sochi
Winter Olympics (Donnelly, Norman & Donnelly, 2014), and in Canadian
interuniversity sport (Donnelly, Kidd & Norman, 2011; Donnelly, Norman & Kidd,
2013).
This Report retroactively examines gender equality at previous Commonwealth
Games, with a specific focus on the past four Games: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(1998), Manchester, England (2002), Melbourne, Australia (2006), and Delhi,
India (2010). The second Report, to be released later in 2014, will examine
gender equality at the 2014 Games in Glasgow, Scotland in a more
comprehensive fashion. The authors hope that this research will provide useful
baseline data that the CGF may use to assess its progress toward achieving
gender equality at the Commonwealth Games and to work to improve in areas
where this goal has not been achieved.
Given that the Commonwealth Games Federation and Glasgow 2014 Organizing
Committee have enacted further competition opportunities for women in the
Glasgow athletic programme, the authors will postpone specific
recommendations until they have analyzed the data from the upcoming 2014
Games. For now, the authors propose only the broad recommendation that the
Commonwealth Games Federation continues to move toward equal medal
opportunities for men and women and to work with Commonwealth Games
Associations to increase the actual and proportional participation of women
athletes at the Games.
Methodology
Data for this report were collected primarily from two sources: documents
provided by CGF, which reported the number of participants in medal events at
each Commonwealth Games from 1998 to 2010; and the CGF website
(www.thecgf.com), which lists results for past Games. Data from the CGF
document were cross-referenced with data supplied on the website and, in
instances where discrepancies arose, primacy was given to the official results
posted online. In rare instances, both the document and website contained errors
or incomplete information. In these cases, external sources (e.g. media outlets,
national sport federation websites, etc.) were used to compile the data. However,
such instances represent a small fraction of data collected for this report. The
data for this report are focused on three measures: number of medal events by
gender, number of total entries by gender, and differences between men’s and
women’s events.
Medal Events and Total Entries
The number of events and total entries for men and women were extrapolated
from the official results for each Games, which are published on the CGF’s
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website. Based on available data, this Report provides a historical perspective on
these measures from the first Commonwealth Games in 1930 to the most recent
Games in 2010. It is important to outline the difference between total entries, a
measure used in this Report, and the total number of participants in each
Games. In many sports (e.g. athletics, shooting, swimming, etc.), athletes
compete in multiple events; nonetheless, each spot filled by an athlete
represents an entry by a CGA within that event regardless of whether or not it is
contested by a multi-event athlete. As such, given this Report’s focus on equality
of opportunity for men and women, it uses the measure of total entries rather
than number of participants.
Gender Differences Between Men’s and Women’s Events
In their gender audit of the 2012 London Olympic Games, Donnelly and Donnelly
(2013) identified and analyzed three categories of events: gender-exclusive
events, gender-equal events, and events with gender differences. For a similar
audit of the 2014 Sochi Olympics, Donnelly, Norman & Donnelly (2014) added a
co-ed events category that included events in which men and women compete
together. In both analyses, the events with gender differences category was
further divided into five subcategories of difference that exist between certain
men’s and women’s events: unequal number of competitors, different distances,
different weight categories, equipment or venue differences, and other
differences. Donnelly and Donnelly (2013) explain why it is important to identify
and analyze these gender differences:
Such an analysis enables us to see where equality has been achieved,
and to consider and debate the remaining gender differences in order to
determine whether they are acceptable or legitimate. Specifically, is there
an agreed upon reason for maintaining the difference? The data will also
enable debate about whether the remaining gender differences are
consistent from sport to sport and event to event. Inconsistency across
sports and events may highlight the irrationality or illegitimacy of some
remaining differences (p. 5).
Clearly, identifying differences between men’s and women’s events is critical to
recognizing areas of inequality and to sparking dialogue on the reasons for
gendered differences within certain events and sports/disciplines.
Because this Report was conducted retroactively, and the readily available data
were limited to the general description of events and number of competitors, this
Report does not analyze gendered differences at past Commonwealth Games
with the same degree of depth as employed in the Olympic reports by Donnelly
and Donnelly (2013) and Donnelly, Norman and Donnelly (2014). As such,
although inspired by these analyses, this Report employs a different set of
categories to analyze gendered differences between events at the
Commonwealth Games between 1998-2010. Given that Commonwealth Games
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sports abide by the rules of their International Federations, it is very likely that
other event differences, such as those found in the Olympic audits (Donnelly &
Donnelly, 2013; Donnelly, Norman & Donnelly, 2014), existed at these Games.
However, this Report will not speculate on the form that these differences may
have taken and will only analyze the data that were readily available from the
official results. This has two significant ramifications for the comparative value of
this Report:
1) The results of this Report are not directly comparable to those of the
reports on the London 2012 Summer Olympics (Donnelly & Donnelly,
2013) and the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics (Donnelly, Norman, &
Donnelly, 2014) or the authors’ forthcoming analysis of the 2014 Glasgow
Commonwealth Games;
2) and this Report does not capture all aspects of gender inequality in
events at the Commonwealth Games from 1998-2010. Rather, it provides
a basic quantitative overview of trends at the Games.
The following categories of difference are analyzed in this Report:
Gender Exclusive Events: Events that are offered only to men or only to
women. These include events for which there is no equivalent for the opposite
gender (e.g. the two events for women in synchronized swimming or the various
men’s boxing events) and those for which there are separate events that appear
to be aimed at achieving equivalency yet contain embedded gender differences
(e.g. in athletics, men’s 110m hurdles versus women’s 100m hurdles; in
swimming, men’s 1,500m freestyle versus women’s 800m freestyle).
Events with Major Gender Differences: Events with significant differences
between genders that can definitively be determined from the Games’ official
results. The following types of difference are included: distances, weight
categories, and categories of disability (for para-sports). It is important to
recognize that many other gender differences may not captured in this category,
such as weight of equipment (e.g. shot put in athletics or rifles in shooting),
height of equipment (e.g. hurdles in athletics or vault in gymnastics), length or
content of competition (e.g. routines in artistic gymnastics or number of shots in
shooting) or uniform differences (cf. Donnelly & Donnelly, 2012 for a detailed
discussion of such differences at the 2012 London Olympic Games).
Events with Similar Rules and Structures for Men and Women: This category
refers to medal events in which men and women both compete and in which,
from the data used for this Report, there were no apparent differences in
distances, heights, or weight categories. This does not mean that the events
were gender equal, because, as mentioned previously, it is likely that differences
existed in many events around factors such as height and weight of equipment or
length of competitions (cf. Donnelly & Donnelly, 2013). Given the limitations
placed upon it by its retroactive methodology and data sources, this Report does
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not comprehensively capture such differences; however, the upcoming Report on
the 2014 Glasgow Games will allow for a more detailed analysis of gender-based
differences between events.
Co-ed Events: Events that are either a) comprised of pairs or teams of mixed
gender; or b) open to both men or women. While mixed events occurred between
1998 and 2010 in the sports of badminton, squash, tenpin bowling, table tennis
and tennis, the only open events on the Commonwealth Games programme
were in the sport of shooting. While mixed events were all balanced (i.e. they had
equal numbers of men and women on each team), the open shooting events did
not have rules in place to ensure equal gender representation. When summing
the number of events in each category, this Report counts co-ed events as half
an event each for men and women in order to indicate that athletes of both
gender could have the opportunity to compete in these medal events. However,
there is a major caveat, as the open shooting events appear, based on the
official results, to have had disproportionately higher numbers of men competing.
However, being unable to definitively determine the gender of competitors in the
open events, the authors have chosen to count open competitions as half an
event for both men and women while acknowledging that this likely under-
represents women’s participation in these events.
Gender Representation at the Commonwealth Games: A
Historical Perspective
Women have been included in the Commonwealth Games since their inception,
as the British Empire Games, in 1930. Over time, there has been a large
increase in the number of events for both men and women; this increase has, for
the most part, led to women competing in a larger share of medal events. On two
occasions—London in 1934 and Kuala Lumpur in 1998—men’s medal events
were reduced while women’s were increased. In Melbourne in 2006, both men’s
and women’s medal events were reduced but more men’s than women’s were
reduced. Interestingly, on the only two occasions that the total number of medal
events was reduced from the previous Games (Kuala Lumpur in 1998 and
Melbourne in 2006), women’s share of medal events increased; this suggests
that, whether intentionally or not, the proportion of women’s events has been
protected by the CGF when the Games programme has been trimmed.
At the 1930 Games, women competed in seven medal events in the sports of
diving and swimming, accounting for just 12 percent of the total medal events.
Some 80 years later, at the 2010 Games, women competed in 46 percent of
medal events. Table 1 shows the number and percentage of medal events open
to men and to women at each of the Commonwealth Games from 1930 to the
present. Where events were open to both men and women or consisted of co-ed
teams (e.g. in badminton, lawn bowls, squash, or shooting) these are counted as
half medal events for men and for women.
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Table 1 – Medal events available to men and women, 1930-2010
Commonwealth
Games
Men’s Medal
Events
Women’s Medal
Events
1930 (Hamilton)
52
(88%)
7
(12%)
1934 (London)
51
(77%)
15
(23%)
1938 (Sydney)
55
(77%)
16
(23%)
1950 (Auckland)
71
(81%)
17
(19%)
1954 (Vancouver)
74
(80%)
18
(20%)
1958 (Cardiff)
75
(80%)
19
(20%)
1962 (Perth)
80
(78%)
23
(22%)
1966 (Kingston)
81
(74%)
29
(26%)
1970 (Edinburgh)
87.5
(72%)
33.5
(28%)
1974 (Christchurch)
88
(73%)
33
(27%)
1978 (Edmonton)
91.5
(71%)
36.5
(29%)
1982 (Brisbane)
105
(73%)
38
(27%)
1986 (Edinburgh)
112
(69%)
51
(31%)
1990 (Auckland)
136
(66%)
69
(34%)
1994 (Victoria)
140
(65%)
76
(35%)
1998 (Kuala Lumpur)
129
(60%)
85
(40%)
2002 (Manchester)
156.5
(56%)
123.5
(44%)
2006 (Melbourne)
131
(53%)
114
(47%)
2010 (Delhi)
147.5
(54%)
124.5
(46%)
Leaving aside the 1930 Games, in which women’s events made up just 12
percent of the Games programme, women competed in between 19 and 23
percent of medal events between 1934 and 1962. Women’s proportional
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opportunities actually decreased immediately after WW2 (i.e. while new events
for women were added, male medal events increased at a faster rate). Then from
1966 to 1994, the percentage of women’s opportunities slowly rose and the
number of events open to women increased from approximately one quarter to
one third of the Games programme (from 26 to 35 percent). Finally, since 1998,
women have competed in between 40 and 46 percent of events at the
Commonwealth Games.
While the proportion of women’s events has risen steadily since the Games’
inception in 1930, it is important to note that the total number of events has risen
for both men and women in this period. The following charts provide a
visualization of the rising number of medal events over time for both men and
women (Chart 1) and the not-yet-achieved movement towards gender equality in
terms of medal events (Chart 2).
Chart 1 – Total medal events for men and women, 1930-2010
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Chart 2 – Percentage of total medal events available to men and women, 1930-
2010
These data show that the number of medal events at the Games has risen
steadily over time for both men and women; and that, while the difference
between the proportion of events open to men and to women has significantly
shrunk, there has always been – and continues to be – a greater number of
events allocated to men than to women. Further, Chart 1 clearly shows that with
the above noted exceptions, women’s progress in terms of medal events at the
Games has not come at the expense of men’s events; that is, the number of
men’s medal events has also risen steadily over time.
It is encouraging that the Commonwealth Games has shown a clear trend toward
increasing the number of medal events for both men and women while
simultaneously raising the proportion of events in which women compete. These
trends suggest that achieving equality of medal events is possible without
sacrificing opportunities for men to compete, and that adding additional women’s
events appears to be an entirely achievable and reasonable means to enacting
gender equality in this area.
Of course, the number of medal events available to men and women is just one
measure of gender equality. The remainder of this report focuses specifically on
the past four Commonwealth Games—which, based on the proportion of medal
events allocated to men and women, were the closest to being gender equal—
and demonstrates that there are still a number of areas in which the
Commonwealth Games has yet to reach a state of gender equality. It is hoped
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that an analysis of these areas sparks discussion and action that will rectify
continuing areas of inequality and aids the CGF in achieving the admirable goals
of gender equality that are articulated in its constitution (CGF, 2013).
Gender Equality at the Commonwealth Games: 1998-
2010
Medal Opportunities and Total Entries
As demonstrated in the preceding table and charts, the 1998 Commonwealth
Games in Kuala Lumpur represented the first time that the Games had at least
40 percent of events open to women. The 2006 Games in Melbourne were the
high-water mark for this measure of gender equality, with 47 percent of events
open to women. Since 1998, the Commonwealth Games appear to be moving
closer to achieving gender equality. Using a different measure of gender equality,
total entries in all events, finds a similar trend; however, this measure reveals the
Commonwealth Games are further from being gender equal than suggested by
the disparity in men’s and women’s events. Table 2 lists the total entries by
gender for each of the four Games since 1998. Meanwhile, Chart 3 aggregates
data from Tables 1 and 2 to visualize trends in the percentage of medal events
and total entries by gender between 1998 and 2010. For a detailed breakdown of
men’s and women’s entries and medal events at each Games between 1998 and
2010 please consult master tables in Appendix 4.
Table 2 – Total entries for men and women, 1998-2010
YEAR
TOTAL ENTRIES
(MEN)
TOTAL ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
1998
3,461
(62%)
2,113
(38%)
2002
3,939
(61%)
2,473
(39%)
2006
4,007
(60%)
2,679
(40%)
2010
4,594
59%
3,183
(41%)
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Chart 3 – Percentage of medal events and total entries available to men and
women, 1998-2010
It is also notable that gender inequality, measured in terms of both medal events
and total entries, is seen in both core and optional sports on the Games’
programme between 1998 and 2010. Table 3 shows the number and percentage
of total entries and medal events in core sports during this period, while Table 4
shows the same for optional sports. A detailed breakdown of these data by event
is provided in Appendix 2. As the data show, at no point did women make up
higher than 42 percent of total entries in core sports or 40 percent in optional
sports; and never did women participate in more than 46 percent of medal events
in core sports or 49 percent in optional sports.
Table 3 – Entries and Events in Core Sports, 1998-2010
YEAR
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
1998
2,195
(60.5%)
1,433
(39.5%)
87
(64%)
49
(36%)
2002
2,388
(59.7%)
1,615
(40.3%)
94
(55.3%)
76
(44.7%)
2006
2,398
(58.8%)
1,681
(41.2%)
78.5
(54.9%)
64.5
(45.1%)
2010
2,551
(58.1%)
1,840
(41.9%)
77.5
(53.8%)
66.5
(46.2%)
!
17!
Table 4 – Entries and Events in Optional Sports, 1998-2010
YEAR
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
1998
1,266
(65.1%)
680
(34.9%)
42
(53.8)
36
(46.2%)
2002
1,551
(64.4%)
858
(35.6%)
62.5
(56.8%)
47.5
(43.2%)
2006
1,609
(61.7%)
998
(38.3%)
52.5
(51.5%)
49.5
(48.5%)
2010
2,043
(60.3%)
1,343
(39.7%)
70
(54.7%)
58
(45.3%)
All of this data indicate that the increasing, though still unequal, opportunity for
women to win medals at the Commonwealth Games has not been
proportionately matched by entrance of women in those events. The
responsibility for this trend appears to lie primarily with the CGAs but the CGF
bears responsibility as well. The CGF’s regulations on maximum entries for
individual sports/disciplines (Appendix 3) indicate that national quotas for men
and women are identical in some individual sports/disciplines, suggesting that
unequal numbers of men and women entrants are a result of CGAs not entering
as many women athletes as men. In other sports/disciplines, notably cycling and
swimming, the CGF does not stipulate an equal gender quota, suggesting that it
is indifferent to gender equality; based on the data presented in this Report, it
would appear that CGAs are entering more men than women in these
sports/disciplines. Meanwhile, as is discussed below, the total entries in team
sports are tilted in men’s favour.
Examining the data on total entries in more detail reveals that certain
sports/disciplines are particularly notable for their disparity between the number
of entries for men and women. Differences between total entries in gender
exclusive sports/disciplines (boxing and rugby sevens for men; netball, rhythmic
gymnastics and synchronized swimming for women) heavily favour men.
Additionally, some sports consistently feature significantly high ratios of men to
women competitors. Notable examples of these disparities include:
• Men’s rugby sevens and women’s netball (both gender exclusive sports
and both core sports on the Games programme), while both having 12
athletes per team, had unequal number of teams entered in competition at
all Games between 1998 and 2010. In this period, the men’s rugby sevens
tournament had 16 teams three times and 18 teams once (1998), while
the women’s netball competition had 10 teams once (2002) and 12 teams
three times. This disparity accounted for 72 more entries for men than
women in 1998 and 2002 and 48 more entries for men than women in
2006 and 2010.
!
18!
• Boxing, a men’s only sport that was on every programme from 1998 to
2010, had 138, 217, 237, and 229 entries respectively at these four
Games. Synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics, which are both
women’s only disciplines, featured a combined 92, 18 (synchronized
swimming only), 87, and 152 total entries respectively between 1998 and
2010. This disparity amounted to between 46 and 199 additional entries
for men during this period.
• Total entries in athletics were disproportionately enjoyed by men, who had
282 additional entries in 1998, 140 in 2002, 214 in 2006 and 200 in 2010.
• Shooting, along with athletics and swimming had one of the largest
number of total entries of any sport/discipline on the Commonwealth
Games programme. It also consistently featured much higher numbers of
entries for men: 289 more entries in 1998, 322 more in 2002, 326 more in
2006 and 293 more in 2010.
• Cycling disciplines also consistently featured much higher numbers of
entries by men than by women. Combining the three disciplines (track
cycling, road cycling and, in 2002 and 2006 only, mountain biking), there
were entries for 233 men and 101 women (1998), 303 men and 109
women (2002), 367 men and 94 women (2006) and 374 men and 167
women (2010).
• In 1998, the number of men’s entries was made proportionately higher by
the inclusion of cricket as a men’s only sport (239 athletes) and the fact
that weightlifting (176 entries) was a men’s only competition (women
began competing in this sport in 2002).
• Other sports with consistently higher numbers (40 or more at each
Games) of total entries for men than women included squash, table tennis
and weightlifting.
Taken together, all these data suggest that, in addition to creating equal numbers
of events for men and women, the CGF and its member associations could
tackle gender inequality by working to increase the number of women
competitors in sports with large disparities; by ensuring that equal numbers of
men’s and women’s teams are entered in team tournaments; and by considering
adding additional women’s events in order to increase the overall entries for
women to participate at the Games.
Gendered Differences in Sports and Events
Another way in which equality can be discussed is in the ways in which certain
events enforce gendered rule differences. This section examines such
differences at the Commonwealth Games between 1998 and 2010. Following
Donnelly and Donnelly’s (2013) rationale for examining gendered differences at
the Olympic Games, this Report aims to spark debate and dialogue about rule
differences between genders and to work toward structures that are acceptable
and equitable for both women and men.
!
19!
As explained in its methodology section, this Report organizes events into one of
four categories: gender exclusive events (men only or women only), events with
similar rules and structures for men and women (labeled “similar events”
henceforth), events with major gender differences, and co-ed events. Table 5
summarizes the breakdown of events in each of these categories and their
percentage of the overall programme for the past four Commonwealth Games:
Table 5 – Event Types, 1998-2010
MEN
ONLY
WOMEN
ONLY
DIFFERENT
(MEN)
DIFFERENT
(WOMEN)
SIMILAR
(MEN)
SIMILAR
(WOMEN)
CO-
ED
1998
60
(28%)
14
(6.5%)
6
(2.8%)
6
(2.8%)
61
(28.5%)
61
(28.5%)
6
(2.8%)
2002
42
(15%)
11
(3.9%)
38
(13.6%)
38
(13.6%)
73
(26.1%)
73
(26.1%)
5
(1.8%)
2006
36
(14.7%)
19
(7.8%)
13
(5.3%)
13
(5.3%)
79
(32.2%)
79
(32.2%)
6
(2.4%)
2010
40
(14.7)
17
(6.3%)
21
(7.7%)
21
(7.7%)
83
(30.5%)
83
(30.5%)
7
(2.6%)
These data indicate that the majority of the events at the Commonwealth Games
are similar for men and women in their rules and structure: during the four
Games analyzed, similar and co-ed events combined to account for between 54
and 67 percent of all events on the programme. While acknowledging the
aforementioned and important caveat that many of these events contain
embedded gender differences not addressed in this Report, these events appear
to be broadly in line with the CGF’s commitment to gender equality. However,
despite the majority of events being similar or co-ed, a very large proportion of
each Games’ programme still consisted of gender exclusive or different events;
and within the former category, men’s events comprised a significantly higher
proportion. These data should give pause to anyone who assumes that the
Commonwealth Games have already achieved gender equality and should
provide a basis for discussion around the composition of the Games programme,
particularly concerning the reasons for the high proportion of gender exclusive
and gender different events and the possibilities for ameliorating these gender
inequalities. To aid in this discussion, further analysis of the data is provided
below and a detailed breakdown is offered in Tables 6-9 (Appendix 1).
Gender Exclusive Events
Gender exclusive events have made up between 16 and 31 percent of the
Commonwealth Games programme since 1998. In each Games, men have
enjoyed a much larger number of gender exclusive events than have women:
there were 60, 42, 36, and 40 men’s only events at the 1998, 2002, 2006, and
2010 Games respectively, compared with just 14, 11, 19, and 17 women’s only
events at these same Games. In 1998 a staggering 28 percent of the events on
the programme were open only to men, compared to just 6.5 percent for women.
!
20!
Over one third of these men’s only events were in the sport of weightlifting, which
featured 24 events for men and none for women; the percentage of men’s only
events dropped significantly with the inclusion of women’s weightlifting events at
the following three Games. Men’s only events represented 15 percent of total
events on the programme in 2002, 2006 and 2010; women’s only events, on the
other hand, made up 4, 8 and 6 percent respectively of total events at these
Games.
Gender exclusive events were contested in only a handful of sports between
1998 and 2010. There were six entirely gender exclusive sports/disciplines that
were offered at least once during this time period: three for men (boxing, cricket,
and rugby sevens) and three for women (netball, rhythmic gymnastics, and
synchronized swimming). As mentioned, weightlifting was a men’s only sport in
1998 (24 events) but featured both men and women at subsequent Games.
Wrestling was a men’s only sport in 2002 (seven events); in 2010 it featured both
men and women in freestyle events (seven events for each gender), but only
men were allowed to compete in the seven events in the Greco-Roman discipline
(Greco-Roman has now been removed from the programme and is no longer
eligible for inclusion at future Games). Gender exclusive events were also held in
artistic gymnastics (1998-2010), athletics (1998-2006), shooting (1998-2010),
table tennis (2002-2010), and track cycling (1998-2010). Table 6 (Appendix 1)
contains a full list of gender exclusive events at Commonwealth Games from
1998 to 2010.
The persistent gap between gender exclusive events open to men and to women
is symptomatic of the broader trend of women having fewer opportunities to
compete at the Commonwealth Games, as well as the broader unequal playing
field between men and women in sport. Further, the total number of gender
exclusive events suggests that the CGF has ground to make up if it is to achieve
its goals of gender equality at the Commonwealth Games. Two starting points for
closing this gap would be to examine whether events that are currently gender
exclusive might be made available to both genders and whether additional
women’s events could be added to the Games programme.
Events with Gender Differences
Events with gender differences are those in which differences are apparent with
regard to distances, weight categories, and/or type of disability (for para-sport
events). These differences are determined by the International Federations in
those sports, rather than by the CGF; the implications of this governance
structure for gender equality are discussed further in the conclusion to this
Report. Differences in distance were apparent in the length of some events in
racing sports (athletics, cycling, and swimming) and the distance-to-target in
some shooting events. Differences in weight categories existed in judo (2002
only), weightlifting (2002 to 2010), and wrestling (2010 only); weightlifting also
included one extra weight category for men than it did for women during this
!
21!
period. Finally, differences in types of disability were apparent in lawn bowls
(2002 only) and swimming (2010 only). The proportion of events with gender
differences fluctuated quite significantly at the four Games since 1998,
representing as low as 6 percent (1998) and as high 27 percent (2002) of events
on the programme. Table 8 (Appendix 1) lists all events with gender differences
from the Commonwealth Games from 1998 to 2010.
Events with Similar Rules and Structures for Men and Women
Similar events comprised between 52 and 64 percent of all events between 1998
and 2010. Nine sports/disciplines were comprised entirely of similar events for
men and women: archery (2010 only), badminton, basketball (2006 only), diving,
hockey, squash, tenpin bowling (1998 only), tennis (2010 only), and triathlon
(2002 and 2006 only). Other sports/disciplines that included some similar events
were artistic gymnastics, athletics, lawn bowls, shooting, swimming, table tennis,
and track cycling. A detailed breakdown of similar events is provided in Table 7
(Appendix 1).
Co-ed Events
Co-ed events cover two categories of event: mixed events, in which men and
women compete together as part of a team; and open events, in which an event
can be contested by both men and women. Co-ed events make up a very small
proportion of events on the Games programme, accounting for only 2 to 3
percent of total events between 1998 and 2010. During this period, mixed events
were featured in badminton, squash, tenpin bowling, table tennis, and tennis.
Shooting was the only sport to feature open events: Olympic trap team (1998)
and full-bore rifle singles and pairs (1998-2010). Table 9 (Appendix 1) lists all co-
ed events from the four Games analyzed in this Report.
Conclusions and Recommendations
This Report has highlighted various ways in which the Commonwealth Games,
despite some promising movement, have yet to reach a state of gender equality.
Given that the CGF and the Glasgow 2014 Organizing Committee have enacted
further competition opportunities for women in Glasgow, the authors will
postpone final recommendations until they have analyzed the data from the
upcoming 2014 Games. For now, the authors propose only the broad
recommendations that:
• The CGF continues to move toward equal medal opportunities for men
and women.
• The CGF continues to work with the CGAs and their respective
governments to increase the actual and proportional participation of
women athletes at the Games.
!
22!
• The CGF begins an examination and discussion of the number and nature
of gender-different events.
• Commonwealth governments continue to their work to advance
opportunities for girls and women in every aspect of sport and physical
activity.
The CGF and its member associations could enact some of these
recommendations by stepping its efforts to increase the number of women
competitors in sports where large disparities exist between men’s and women’s
entries, stipulating that there should be equal numbers of men’s and women’s
teams and rosters in team sports, and adding additional women’s events to the
Games programme to increase the overall entries for women. The CGF may also
consider adding women’s events in sports/disciplines that are gender exclusive
for men, as it did with weightlifting after the 1998 Games.
Finally, while the CGF relies upon the International Federations to determine the
nature of events and sports/disciplines, we recommend that the CGF begin to
analyze and discuss gender-differences within and between events with a view to
increasing gender equality at the Commonwealth Games. While it would upset
long-standing practice and relationships to question the International
Federations’ authority, given the social project of the Commonwealth Games, we
believe the CGF should no longer consider the International Federations’ event
definition an ‘automatic’. It is instructive that during the period between the world
wars, the first-wave feminists in la Féderation Sportive Feminine Internationale
who created the Women’s Olympics/Women’s World Games and did much to put
women’s events on the Olympic programme created their own events in cases
where they felt the International Federations’ definitions disadvantaged women.
This historical example indicates that alternative routes may be needed to
achieve gender equity in sport and that such alternative ideas should be part of
any discussion on the topic.
!
23!
References
Birrell, S. (2000). Feminist theories of sport. In J. Coakley & E. Dunning (Eds.),
The handbook of sports studies (pp. 61-76). London: SAGE.
Commonwealth Games Federation. (2014a). Para-sports for elite athletes with a
disability. Retrieved April 15, 2014 from http://www.thecgf.com/sports/ead.asp.
Commonwealth Games Federation. (2014b). Sport programme. Retrieved April
15, 2014 from http://www.thecgf.com/sports/default.asp.
Commonwealth Games Federation. (2014c). The role of the CGF. Retrieved April
13, 2014 from http://www.thecgf.com/about/role.asp.
Commonwealth Games Federation. (2013). Constitution, Regulations, Code of
Conduct. Available at: http://www.thecgf.com/about/constitution.pdf.
Donnelly, P., & Donnelly, M. (2013). The London 2012 Olympics: A gender
equality audit. Toronto, ON: Centre for Sport Policy Studies, Faculty of
Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto. Retrieved from
http://physical.utoronto.ca/docs/csps-pdfs/donnelly-donnelly---olympic-gender-
equality-report.pdf?sfvrsn=2.
Donnelly, M., Norman, M. & Donnelly, P. (2014, in progress). The Sochi 2014
Olympics: A gender equality audit. Toronto, ON: Centre for Sport Policy Studies,
Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto.
Donnelly, P., Kidd, B., & Norman, M. (2011). Gender equity in Canadian
Interuniversity Sport: A biennial report. Toronto: Centre for Sport Policy Studies.
Donnelly, P., Norman, M., & Kidd, B. (2013). Gender equity in Canadian
Interuniversity Sport: A biennial report (No. 2). Toronto: Centre for Sport Policy
Studies.
Glasgow 2014 to stage biggest ever Commonwealth para-sport programme.
(2012, January 5). Paralympic Movement. Retrieved April 15, 2014 from
http://www.paralympic.org/news/glasgow-2014-stage-biggest-ever-
commonwealth-para-sport-programme.
Messner, M. (2009). It’s all for the kids: Gender, families, and youth sports.
Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Organizing Committee Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi. (2010). Delhi 2010:
Post Games report. Available at http://www.thecgf.com/games/2010/D2010-Post-
Games-Report.pdf.
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24!
Appendixes
Appendix 1 – Tables: Gender Exclusive, Gender Similar, Gender Different,
and Co-ed Events, 1998-2010
Table 6 – Gender exclusive events, 1998-2010
SPORT
MEN ONLY EVENTS
WOMEN ONLY EVENTS
Aquatics -
Swimming
1998-2010
1500m Freestyle
1998-2010
800m Freestyle
Aquatics -
Synchronised
Swimming
------
------
2002-2010
Solo
Duet
Athletics
1998-2010
110m Hurdles
Decathlon
1998-2002
3000m Steeplechase
1998-2006
50km Walk
1998
20km Walk
2002
100m Para Sport T46
2006
200m EAD
Discus Throw Para Sport
1998-2010
100m Hurdles
Heptathlon
1998
10km Walk
2002-2006
800m Para Sport Wheelchair
2006
Shot Put Para Sport
Boxing
1998-2010
60kg
75kg
81kg
91kg
+91kg
1998-2002
63.5kg
67kg
71kg
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
!
25!
Boxing (cont.)
1998-2006
<48kg
51kg
54kg
57kg
2006-2010
64kg
69kg
2010
<49kg
52kg
56kg
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
Cricket
1998
Tournament
------
Cycling -
Track
1998-2010
1000m Time Trial
4000m Individual Pursuit
4000m Team Pursuit
1998-2006
Scratch Race
2002-2006
Team Sprint
2006-2010
Kierin
1998-2010
3000m Individual Pursuit
2002-2010
500m Time Trial
Gymnastics -
Artistic
1998-2010
Horizontal Bar
Parallel Bars
Pommel Horse
Rings
1998-2010
Balance Beam
Uneven Bars
Gymnastics -
Rhythmic
------
------
------
------
------
1998/2006-2010
All Around
Hoop
Ribbon
Rope
Team
!
26!
Gymnastics –
Rhythmic
(cont.)
------
------
1998/2006
Clubs
2010
Ball
Netball
------
1998-2010
Tournament
Rugby 7s
1998-2010
Tournament
------
Shooting
1998-2010
25m Centre Fire Pistol
Singles
25m Centre Fire Pistol Pairs
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Singles
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Pairs
2002-2010
25m Standard Pistol Singles
25m Standard Pistol Pairs
1998/2010
Clay Pigeon Trap Singles
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs
Skeet Singles
Skeet Pairs
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
Table Tennis
------
2002-2010
Singles Wheelchair
Weightlifting
1998
56 kg Clean & Jerk
56 kg Combined
56 kg Snatch
62 kg Clean & Jerk
62 kg Combined
62 kg Snatch
69 kg Clean & Jerk
69 kg Combined
69 kg Snatch
77 kg Clean & Jerk
77 kg Combined
77 kg Snatch
85 kg Clean & Jerk
85 kg Combined
85 kg Snatch
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
!
27!
Weightlifting
(cont.)
1998 cont.
94 kg Clean & Jerk
94 kg Combined
94 kg Snatch
105 kg Clean & Jerk
105 kg Combined
105 kg Snatch
+105 kg Clean & Jerk
+105 kg Combined
+105 kg Snatch
2002-2006
Bench Press Para Sport
2002
+105 kg Clean & Jerk
+105 kg Combined
+105 kg Snatch
2006-2010
+105 kg
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
Wrestling
2002
Freestyle 55 kg
Freestyle 60 kg
Freestyle 66 kg
Freestyle 74 kg
Freestyle 84 kg
Freestyle 96 kg
Freestyle 120 kg
2010
Greco Roman 55 kg
Greco Roman 60 kg
Greco Roman 66 kg
Greco Roman 74 kg
Greco Roman 84 kg
Greco Roman 96 kg
Greco Roman 120 kg
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
!
28!
Table 7 – Events with similar rules and structures for men and women, 1998-
2010
SPORT
EVENT
Aquatics - Diving
1998-2010
1m Springboard (M&W)
3m Springboard (M&W)
10m Platform (M&W)
2006/2010
3m Synchro Springboard (M&W)
10m Synchro Platform (M&W)
Aquatics - Swimming
1998-2010
50m Freestyle (M&W)
100m Freestyle Men (M&W)
200m Freestyle (M&W)
400m Freestyle (M&W)
100m Backstroke (M&W)
200m Backstroke (M&W)
100m Breaststroke (M&W)
200m Breaststroke (M&W)
100m Butterfly Men (M&W)
200m Butterfly (M&W)
200m Individual Medley (M&W)
400m Individual Medley (M&W)
4x100 Medley (M&W)
4x100m Freestyle (M&W)
4x200m Freestyle (M&W)
2002-2010
50m Backstroke (M&W)
50m Breaststroke (M&W)
50m Butterfly (M&W)
2002/2006
50m Multi Disability Freestyle (M/W)
100m Multi Disability Freestyle (M/W)
2010
50m Para Sport S9 Freestyle (M/W)
Archery
2010
Compound Individual (M&W)
Compound Team (M&W)
Recurve Individual (M&W)
Recurve Team (M&W)
!
29!
Athletics
1998-2010
100m (M&W)
200m (M&W)
400m (M&W)
800m (M&W)
1500m (M&W)
5000m (M&W)
10,000m (M&W)
Marathon (M&W)
4x100m (M&W)
4x400m (M&W)
400m Hurdles (M&W)
Discus Throw (M&W)
Hammer Throw (M&W)
High Jump (M&W)
Javelin Throw (M&W)
Long Jump (M&W)
Pole Vault (M&W)
Shot Put (M&W)
Triple Jump (M&W)
2006-2010
100m Para Sport (M&W)
3000m Steeplechase (M&W)
20km Walk (M&W)
2010
1500m Para Sport Wheelchair (M&W)
Shot Put Para Sport (M&W)
Badminton
1998-2010
Singles (M&W)
Doubles (M&W)
1998
Team (M&W)
Basketball
2006
Tournament (M&W)
Cycling - Track
1998-2010
Sprint (M&W)
Gymnastics - Artistic
1998-2010
Floor (M&W)
Individual All Round (M&W)
Team (M&W)
Vault (M&W)
Hockey
1998-2010
Tournament (M&W)
!
30!
Lawn Bowls
1998-2010
Singles (M&W)
Pairs (M&W)
Triples/Fours (M&W)
Shooting
1998-2010
10m Air Pistol Singles (M&W)
10m Air Pistol Pairs (M&W)
10m Air Rifle Singles (M&W)
10m Air Rifle Pairs (M&W)
50m Rifle 3 Positions Singles (M&W)
50m Rifle 3 Positions Pairs (M&W)
50m Rifle Prone Singles (M&W)
50m Rifle Prone Pairs (M&W)
2002-2010
Double Trap Singles (M&W)
Double Trap Pairs (M&W)
2002/2006
Clay Pigeon Trap (M&W)
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs (M&W)
Skeet Singles (M&W)
Skeet Pairs (M&W)
2010
25m Sport Pistol Singles (M&W)
25m Sport Pistol Pairs (M&W)
Squash
1998-2010
Singles (M&W)
Doubles (M&W)
Tenpin Bowling
1998
Singles (M&W)
Doubles (M&W)
Table Tennis
2002-2010
Singles (M&W)
Doubles (M&W)
Team (M&W)
Tennis
2010
Singles (M&W)
Doubles (M&W)
Triathlon
2002/2006
1500m swim, 40km cycle, 19km run (M&W)
Weightlifting
2010
Powerlifting Para Bench Press (M&W)
!
31!
Table 8 – Events with gender differences, 1998-2010
SPORT
MEN ONLY EVENTS
WOMEN ONLY EVENTS
Aquatics - Swimming
2010
100m Para S8 Freestyle
100m Para S10 Freestyle
2010
100m Para S9 Butterfly
100m Para S9 Freestyle
Cycling - Mountain
2006
Cross Country (53km)
2006
Cross Country (40km)
Cycling - Road
1998-2010
Time Trial
1998: 42km
2002: 46.8km
2006/10: 40km
Road Race
1998: 184km
2002: 187.2km
2006: 166km
2010: 168km
1998-2010
Time Trial
1998: 28km
2002: 23.4km,
2006/10: 29km
Road Race
1998: 92km
2002: 936km
2006: 100km
2010: 112km
Cycling - Track
1998-2010
Points Race (40km)
2010
Scratch Race (20km)
Team Sprint (750m)
1998-2010
Points Race (24/25km)
2010
Scratch Race (10km)
Team Sprint (500m)
Judo
2002
60kg
66kg
73kg
81kg
90kg
100kg
+100kg
2002
48kg
52kg
57kg
63kg
70kg
78kg
+78kg
Lawn Bowls
2002
Triples Para Sport
2002
Singles Visually Impaired
Shooting
1998-2006
50m Pistol Singles
50m Pistol Pairs
1998-2006
25m Pistol Singles
25m Pistol Pairs
Weightlifting
2002
56 kg Clean & Jerk
56 kg Combined
56 kg Snatch
62 kg Clean & Jerk
62 kg Combined
62 kg Snatch
69 kg Clean & Jerk
69 kg Combined
2002
48kg Clean & Jerk
48kg Combined
48kg Snatch
53kg Clean & Jerk
53kg Combined
53kg Snatch
58kg Clean & Jerk
58kg Combined
!
32!
Weightlifting cont.
2002 cont.
69 kg Snatch
77 kg Clean & Jerk
77 kg Combined
77 kg Snatch
85 kg Clean & Jerk
85 kg Combined
85 kg Snatch
94 kg Clean & Jerk
94 kg Combined
94 kg Snatch
105 kg Clean & Jerk
105 kg Combined
105 kg Snatch
2006/2010
56 kg
62 kg
69 kg
77 kg
85 kg
94 kg
105 kg
2002 cont.
58kg Snatch
63kg Clean & Jerk
63kg Combined
63kg Snatch
69kg Clean & Jerk
69kg Combined
69kg Snatch
75kg Clean & Jerk
75kg Combined
75kg Snatch
+75kg Clean & Jerk
+75kg Combined
+75kg Snatch
2006/2010
48kg
53kg
58kg
63kg
69kg
75kg
+75kg
Wrestling
2010
Freestyle 55 kg
Freestyle 60 kg
Freestyle 66 kg
Freestyle 74 kg
Freestyle 84 kg
Freestyle 96 kg
Freestyle 120 kg
2010
Freestyle 48 kg
Freestyle 51 kg
Freestyle 55kg
Freestyle 59 kg
Freestyle 63 kg
Freestyle 67 kg
Freestyle 72 kg
!
33!
Table 9 – Co-ed (mixed or open) events, 1998-2010
SPORT
EVENT
STATUS
Badminton
1998-2010
Doubles
2006-2010
Team
Mixed
Mixed
Shooting
1998-2010
Full Bore Rifle Singles
Full Bore Rifle Pairs
1998
Olympic Trap Team
Open
Open
Mixed
Squash
1998-2010
Doubles
Mixed
Tenpin Bowling
1998
Doubles
Mixed
Table Tennis
2002-2010
Doubles
Mixed
Tennis
2010
Doubles
Mixed
!
34!
Appendix 2 – Tables: Total Entries and Medal Events by Core and Optional
Sports, 1998-2010
Table 10 – Core Sports, 1998 to 2010
Table 10a – Core Sports at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Swimming
327
312
16
16
Athletics
610
328
24
22
Badminton
308
250
3.5
3.5
Boxing
138
0
12
0
Hockey
176
192
1
1
Lawn Bowls
139
126
3
3
Netball
0
144
0
1
Rugby Sevens
180
0
1
0
Squash
141
81
2.5
2.5
Weightlifting
176
0
24
0
TOTAL
2195
1433
87
49
Table 10b – Core Sports at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Swimming
531
430
21
21
Athletics
576
436
25
23
Badminton
193
158
2.5
2.5
Boxing
217
0
12
0
Hockey
128
128
1
1
Lawn Bowls
147
128
4
4
Netball
0
120
0
1
Rugby Sevens
192
0
1
0
Squash
113
62
2.5
2.5
Weightlifting
291
153
25
21
TOTAL
2388
1615
94
76
!
35!
Table 10c – Core Sports at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Swimming
577
508
21
21
Athletics
648
434
27
26
Badminton
208
207
3
3
Boxing
237
0
11
0
Hockey
160
160
1
1
Lawn Bowls
127
101
3
3
Netball
0
144
0
1
Rugby Sevens
192
0
1
0
Squash
115
70
2.5
2.5
Weightlifting
134
57
9
7
TOTAL
2398
1681
78.5
64.5
Table 10d – Core Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Swimming
662
556
22
22
Athletics
659
459
26
26
Badminton
238
232
3
3
Boxing
229
0
10
0
Hockey
160
160
1
1
Lawn Bowls
126
108
3
3
Netball
0
144
0
1
Rugby Sevens
192
0
1
0
Squash
135
91
2.5
2.5
Weightlifting
150
90
9
8
TOTAL
2551
1840
77.5
66.5
!
36!
Table 11 – Optional Sports, 1998 to 2010
Table 11a – Optional Sports at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
38
39
3
3
Aquatics - Synchro
Swimming
0
14
0
2
Cricket
239
0
1
0
Cycling - Road
124
72
2
2
Cycling - Track
109
29
6
3
Gymnastics - Artistic
107
100
8
6
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
0
78
0
6
Shooting
565
276
19.5
11.5
Tenpin Bowling
84
72
2.5
2.5
TOTAL
1266
680
42
36
Table 11b – Optional Sports at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
30
30
3
3
Aquatics - Synchro
Swimming
0
18
0
2
Cycling - Mountain
Bike
19
15
1
1
Cycling - Road
131
56
2
2
Cycling - Track
153
38
7
4
Gymnastics - Artistic
120
96
8
6
Judo
85
52
7
7
Shooting
623
301
23
17
Table Tennis
290
230
3.5
4.5
Triathlon
35
22
1
1
Wrestling
65
0
7
0
TOTAL
1551
858
62.5
47.5
!
37!
Table 11c – Optional Sports at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
52
68
5
5
Aquatics - Synchro
Swimming
0
19
0
2
Basketball
96
96
1
1
Cycling - Mountain
Bike
29
11
1
1
Cycling - Road
200
47
2
2
Cycling - Track
138
36
8
4
Gymnastics - Artistic
113
105
8
6
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
0
68
0
6
Shooting
648
322
23
17
Table Tennis
301
201
3.5
4.5
Triathlon
32
25
1
1
TOTAL
1609
998
52.5
49.5
Table 11d – Optional Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
EVENTS
(MEN)
EVENTS
(WOMEN)
Archery
164
96
4
4
Aquatics - Diving
59
67
5
5
Aquatics - Synchro
Swimming
0
22
0
2
Cycling - Road
193
87
2
2
Cycling - Track
181
80
8
6
Gymnastics - Artistic
316
204
8
6
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
0
130
0
6
Shooting
555
262
23
13
Table Tennis
368
281
3.5
4.5
Tennis
80
66
2.5
2.5
Wrestling
127
48
14
7
TOTAL
2043
1343
70
58
!
38!
Appendix 3 – All Sports and Disciplines on the Commonwealth Games
Programme by Year, 1998-2014
Table 12 – Sports and disciplines on the Commonwealth Games programme,
1998-2014
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
STATUS
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Aquatics - Diving
Optional
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Aquatics - Swimming
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Aquatics -
Synchronised Swimming
Optional
X
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
X
Archery
Optional
X
X
X
√
(M/W)
X
Athletics
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Badminton
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Basketball
Optional
X
X
√
(M/W)
X
X
Boxing
Core (men)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M/W)
Cricket
Optional
√
(M only)
X
X
X
X
Cycling - Mountain Bike
Optional
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
X
√
(M/W)
Cycling - Road
Optional
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Cycling - Track
Optional
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Gymnastics - Artistic
Optional
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
Optional
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
Hockey
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
!
39!
Judo
Optional
X
√
(M/W)
X
X
√
(M/W)
Lawn Bowls
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Netball
Core
(women)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
Rugby Sevens
Core (men)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
Shooting
Optional
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Squash
Core
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Table Tennis
Optional
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Tennis
Optional
X
X
X
√
(M/W)
X
Tenpin Bowling
Optional
√
(M/W)
X
X
X
X
Triathlon
Optional
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
X
√
(M/W)
Weightlifting
Core
√
(M only)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Wrestling - Freestyle
Optional
X
√
(M only)
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Wrestling - Greco-Roman
Optional
X
X
X
√
(M only)
X
!
40!
Table 13 – Para Sports and disciplines on the Commonwealth Games
programme, 1998-2014
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
Aquatics – Swimming
Events offered at least once:
• 50m freestyle
• 100m freestyle
• 100m breaststroke
• 100m butterfly
• 200m freestyle
• 200m individual medley
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Athletics
Events offered at least once:
• 100m
• 200m
• 800m wheelchair
• 1500m wheelchair
• discus throw
• long jump
• shot put
X
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
Cycling – Track
Events offered at least once:
• sprint
• 1000m time trial
X
X
X
X
√
(M/W)
Lawn Bowls
Events offered at least once:
• singles visually impaired
• mixed pairs para-sport
• triples para-sport
X
√
(M/W)
X
X
√
(M/W)
Table Tennis
Events offered at least once:
• singles wheelchair
X
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
√
(W only)
X
Weightlifting
Events offered at least once:
• bench press
X
√
(M only)
√
(M only)
√
(M/W)
√
(M/W)
!
41!
Appendix 3 – Minimum and Maximum Number of Entries for Individuals
Sports (provided by the CGF)
!
42!
!
43!
!
44!
Appendix 4 – Master Tables: Total Entries in all Events, 1998-2010
Table 14 – Total Entries in all Events, 1998 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
EVENT
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
1m Springboard
15
12
3m Springboard
15
13
10m Platform
8
14
TOTAL
38
39
Aquatics - Swimming
50m Freestyle
16
34
100m Backstroke
16
16
100m Breaststroke
16
16
100m Butterfly
29
16
100m Freestyle
16
16
200m Backstroke
14
21
200m Breaststroke
16
15
200m Butterfly
16
17
200m Freestyle
16
23
200m Individual Medley
30
16
400m Freestyle
15
15
400m Individual Medley
15
15
800m Freestyle
0
8
1500m Freestyle
8
0
4x100 Medley
48
32
4x100m Freestyle
32
32
4x200m Freestyle
24
20
TOTAL
327
312
Aquatics –
Synchronised Swimming
Solo
0
6
Duet
0
8
TOTAL
0
14
Athletics
100m
59
23
200m
67
25
400m
44
30
800m
36
25
1500m
19
13
5000m
25
8
10000m
14
9
Marathon
26
11
!
45!
4x100m
60
24
4x400m
60
32
100m Hurdles
0
13
110m Hurdles
18
0
400m Hurdles
23
7
3000m Steeplechase
10
0
10km Walk
0
13
20km Walk
17
0
50km Walk
13
0
Decathlon
15
0
Heptathlon
0
10
Discus Throw
11
11
Hammer Throw
11
12
High Jump
14
9
Javelin Throw
12
7
Long Jump
21
17
Pole Vault
10
15
Shot Put
14
8
Triple Jump
11
6
TOTAL
610
328
Badminton
Singles
79
64
Doubles
88
68
Team
109
86
Mixed Doubles
32
32
TOTAL
308
250
Boxing
<48kg
9
51kg
16
54kg
8
57kg
13
60kg
16
63.5kg
16
67kg
16
71kg
8
75kg
12
81kg
8
91kg
8
+91kg
8
TOTAL
138
0
!
46!
Cricket
Tournament
239
0
TOTAL
239
0
Cycling - Road
Time Trial
29
36
Road Race
95
36
TOTAL
124
72
Cycling - Track
Sprint
19
9
1000m Time Trial
27
0
3000m Individual Pursuit
0
4
4000m Individual Pursuit
4
0
4000m Team Pursuit
27
0
20km Scratch Race
3
0
25km / 30km Points Race
0
16
40km / 50km Points Race
29
0
TOTAL
109
29
Gymnastics - Artistic
Balance Beam
0
8
Floor
8
8
Horizontal Bar
8
0
Individual All Round
23
24
Parallel Bars
8
0
Pommel Horse
8
0
Rings
8
0
Team
37
44
Uneven Bars
0
8
Vault
7
8
TOTAL
107
100
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
All Around
0
16
Clubs
0
8
Hoop
0
8
Ribbon
0
8
Rope
0
8
Team
0
30
TOTAL
0
78
Hockey
Tournament
176
192
TOTAL
176
192
Lawn Bowls
Singles
21
12
Pairs
38
42
Triples / Fours
80
72
TOTAL
139
126
Netball
Tournament
0
144
!
47!
TOTAL
0
144
Rugby Sevens
Tournament
180
0
TOTAL
180
0
Shooting
10m Air Pistol Singles
33
20
10m Air Pistol Pairs
16
17
10m Air Rifle Singles
26
27
10m Air Rifle Pairs
24
17
25m Centre Fire Pistol
Singles
28
0
25m Centre Fire Pistol
Pairs
27
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol
Singles
17
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol
Pairs
16
0
25m Pistol Singles
0
16
25m Pistol Pairs
0
13
50m Pistol Singles
27
0
50m Pistol Pairs
25
0
50m Rifle 3 Positions
Singles
24
23
50m Rifle 3 Positions
Pairs
16
24
50m Rifle Prone Singles
42
28
50m Rifle Prone Pairs
42
26
Full Bore Rifle Singles
Open*
22
22
Full Bore Rifle Pairs
Open*
22
22
Olympic Trap Team*
21
21
Skeet Singles
28
0
Skeet Pairs
29
0
Clay Pigeon Trap Singles
40
0
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs
40
0
TOTAL
565
276
Squash
Singles
64
34
Doubles
58
28
Mixed Doubles
19
19
TOTAL
141
81
Tenpin Bowling
Singles
30
24
!
48!
Doubles
30
24
Mixed Doubles
24
24
TOTAL
84
72
Weightlifting
56 kg Clean and Jerk
3
0
56 kg Combined
3
0
56 kg Snatch
3
0
62 kg Clean and Jerk
3
0
62 kg Combined
4
0
62 kg Snatch
3
0
69 kg Clean and Jerk
3
0
69 kg Combined
3
0
69 kg Snatch
3
0
77 kg Clean and Jerk
3
0
77 kg Combined
3
0
77 kg Snatch
3
0
85 kg Clean and Jerk
10
0
85 kg Combined
9
0
85 kg Snatch
10
0
94 kg Clean and Jerk
15
0
94 kg Combined
14
0
94 kg Snatch
16
0
105 kg Clean and Jerk
13
0
105 kg Combined
11
0
105 kg Snatch
13
0
>105 kg Clean and Jerk
9
0
>105 kg Combined
9
0
>105 kg Snatch
10
0
TOTAL
176
0
TOTAL - ALL EVENTS
3461
2113
!
49!
Table 15 – Total Entries in all Events, 2002 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
EVENT
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
1m Springboard
9
10
3m Springboard
12
10
10m Platform
9
10
TOTAL
30
30
Aquatics - Swimming
50m Backstroke
33
24
50m Breaststroke
19
17
50m Butterfly
42
28
50m Freestyle
51
38
50m M/D EAD Freestyle
21
17
100m Backstroke
28
21
100m Breaststroke
27
19
100m Butterfly
31
23
100m Freestyle
37
34
100m M/D EAD Freestyle
17
15
200m Backstroke
17
17
200m Breaststroke
17
14
200m Butterfly
18
14
200m Freestyle
21
23
200m Individual Medley
19
19
400m Freestyle
18
14
400m Individual Medley
13
15
800m Freestyle
0
10
1500m Freestyle
9
0
4x100 Medley
28
28
4x100m Freestyle
45
24
4x200m Freestyle
20
16
TOTAL
531
430
Aquatics –
Synchronised Swimming
Solo
0
6
Duet
0
12
TOTAL
0
18
Athletics
100m
55
30
100m Para Sport
15
0
200m
49
31
400m
48
32
!
50!
800m
27
30
1500m
18
20
5000m
21
16
10000m
20
11
Marathon
24
15
4x100m
59
32
4x400m
58
46
100m Hurdles
0
17
110m Hurdles
17
0
400m Hurdles
15
12
3000m Steeplechase
9
0
800m Para Sport Wheelchair
0
10
20km Walk
7
10
50km Walk
9
0
Decathlon
12
0
Heptathlon
0
10
Discus Throw
12
13
Hammer Throw
9
20
High Jump
18
14
Javelin Throw
11
8
Long Jump
24
17
Pole Vault
10
15
Shot Put
16
16
Triple Jump
13
11
TOTAL
576
436
Badminton
Singles
68
47
Doubles
72
58
Mixed Doubles
53
53
TOTAL
193
158
Boxing
<48kg
15
0
51kg
21
0
54kg
21
0
57kg
22
0
60kg
26
0
63.5kg
23
0
67kg
17
0
71kg
19
0
75kg
16
0
!
51!
81kg
12
0
91kg
13
0
+91kg
12
0
TOTAL
217
0
Cycling - Mountain Bike
Cross Country
19
15
TOTAL
19
15
Cycling - Road
Time Trial
44
20
Road Race
87
36
TOTAL
131
56
Cycling - Track
Sprint
25
9
Team Sprint
31
0
500m Time Trial
0
7
1000m Time Trial
15
0
3000m Individual Pursuit
0
9
4000m Individual Pursuit
14
0
4000m Team Pursuit
22
0
20km Scratch Race
25
0
25km / 30km Points Race
0
13
40km / 50km Points Race
21
0
TOTAL
153
38
Gymnastics - Artistic
Balance Beam
0
8
Floor
8
8
Horizontal Bar
8
0
Individual All Round
24
24
Parallel Bars
8
0
Pommel Horse
8
0
Rings
8
0
Team
48
40
Uneven Bars
0
8
Vault
8
8
TOTAL
120
96
Hockey
Tournament
128
128
TOTAL
128
128
Judo
48kg
0
7
52kg
0
8
57kg
0
8
60kg
15
0
63kg
0
7
!
52!
66kg
14
0
70kg
0
9
73kg
16
0
78kg
0
8
+78kg
0
5
81kg
13
0
90kg
11
0
100kg
10
0
+100kg
6
0
TOTAL
85
52
Lawn Bowls
Singles
22
18
Singles Blind
0
10
Pairs
30
40
Triples / Fours
68
60
Triples Para Sport
27
0
TOTAL
147
128
Netball
Tournament
0
120
TOTAL
0
120
Rugby Sevens
Tournament
192
0
TOTAL
192
0
Shooting
10m Air Pistol Singles
32
19
10m Air Pistol Pairs
26
16
10m Air Rifle Singles
27
24
10m Air Rifle Pairs
26
22
25m Pistol Singles
0
16
25m Pistol Pairs
0
14
25m Centre Fire Pistol Singles
27
0
25m Centre Fire Pistol Pairs
24
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Singles
13
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Pairs
12
0
25m Standard Pistol Singles
26
0
25m Standard Pistol Pairs
22
0
50m Pistol Singles
25
0
50m Pistol Pairs
22
0
50m Rifle 3 Positions Singles
25
22
50m Rifle 3 Positions Pairs
24
22
50m Rifle Prone Singles
40
26
50m Rifle Prone Pairs
36
24
!
53!
Full Bore Rifle Singles Open*
22
22
Full Bore Rifle Pairs Open*
22
22
Skeet Singles
28
7
Skeet Pairs
28
6
Clay Pigeon Trap Singles
37
8
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs
36
10
Double Trap Singles
23
11
Double Trap Pairs
20
10
TOTAL
623
301
Squash
Singles
54
25
Doubles
42
20
Mixed Doubles
17
17
TOTAL
113
62
Table Tennis
Singles
86
62
Singles Wheelchair
0
13
Doubles
70
50
Mixed Doubles
52
52
Team
82
53
TOTAL
290
230
Triathlon
1500m swim, 40km cycle,
19km run
35
22
TOTAL
35
22
Weightlifting
48kg Clean and Jerk
0
7
48kg Combined
0
7
48kg Snatch
0
7
53kg Clean and Jerk
0
6
53kg Combined
0
6
53kg Snatch
0
6
56 kg Clean and Jerk
11
0
56 kg Combined
11
0
56 kg Snatch
11
0
58kg Clean and Jerk
0
4
58kg Combined
0
4
58kg Snatch
0
4
62 kg Clean and Jerk
8
0
62 kg Combined
8
0
62 kg Snatch
8
0
63kg Clean and Jerk
0
10
63kg Combined
0
10
!
54!
63kg Snatch
0
10
69 kg Clean and Jerk
11
10
69 kg Combined
11
10
69 kg Snatch
11
10
75kg Clean and Jerk
0
6
75kg Combined
0
6
75kg Snatch
0
6
>75kg Clean and Jerk
0
8
>75kg Combined
0
8
>75kg Snatch
0
8
77 kg Clean and Jerk
14
0
77 kg Combined
14
0
77 kg Snatch
14
0
85 kg Clean and Jerk
17
0
85 kg Combined
17
0
85 kg Snatch
17
0
94 kg Clean and Jerk
13
0
94 kg Combined
13
0
94 kg Snatch
13
0
105 kg Clean and Jerk
11
0
105 kg Combined
11
0
105 kg Snatch
11
0
>105 kg Clean and Jerk
7
0
>105 kg Combined
7
0
>105 kg Snatch
7
0
Bench Press Para Sport
15
0
TOTAL
291
153
Wrestling
Freestyle 120 kg
6
0
Freestyle 55 kg
8
0
Freestyle 60 kg
8
0
Freestyle 66 kg
11
0
Freestyle 74 kg
12
0
Freestyle 84 kg
14
0
Freestyle 96 kg
6
0
TOTAL
65
0
TOTAL ALL EVENTS
3939
2473
!
55!
Table 16 – Total Entries in all Events, 2006 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
EVENTS
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
Aquatics - Diving
1m Springboard
12
13
3m Springboard
12
15
3m Synchronised
Springboard
10
20
10m Platform
10
10
10m Synchronised
Platform
8
10
TOTAL
52
68
Aquatics - Swimming
50m Backstroke
26
30
50m Breaststroke
30
25
50m Butterfly
44
36
50m Freestyle
46
47
50m M/D EAD Freestyle
21
12
100m Backstroke
25
26
100m Breaststroke
33
22
100m Butterfly
32
30
100m Freestyle
43
44
100m M/D EAD Freestyle
19
12
200m Backstroke
15
18
200m Breaststroke
18
16
200m Butterfly
17
11
200m Freestyle
33
30
200m Individual Medley
24
18
400m Freestyle
18
17
400m Individual Medley
13
15
800m Freestyle
0
15
1500m Freestyle
9
0
4x100 Medley
47
32
4x100m Freestyle
32
24
4x200m Freestyle
32
28
TOTAL
577
508
Aquatics –
Synchronised Swimming
Solo
0
7
Duet
0
12
TOTAL
0
19
!
56!
Athletics
100m
59
34
100m Para Sport
18
8
200m
63
26
200m Para Sport
15
0
400m
51
33
800m
19
27
800m Para Sport
Wheelchair
0
11
1500m
22
18
5000m
19
11
10000m
10
10
Marathon
17
23
4x100m
83
24
4x400m
62
32
100m Hurdles
0
11
110m Hurdles
20
0
400m Hurdles
22
13
3000m Steeplechase
14
15
20km Walk
10
9
50km Walk
10
0
Decathlon
11
0
Heptathlon
0
12
Discus Throw
16
14
Discus Para Sport
8
0
Hammer Throw
13
12
High Jump
20
13
Javelin Throw
13
12
Long Jump
19
20
Pole Vault
7
15
Shot Put
15
12
Shot Put Para Sport
0
10
Triple Jump
12
9
TOTAL
648
434
Badminton
Singles
48
49
Doubles
54
52
Mixed Doubles
43
43
Mixed Team
63
63
TOTAL
208
207
Basketball
Tournament
96
96
TOTAL
96
96
Boxing
<48kg
19
0
!
57!
51kg
20
0
54kg
24
0
57kg
22
0
60kg
28
0
64kg
28
0
69kg
28
0
75kg
22
0
81kg
19
0
91kg
13
0
+91kg
14
0
TOTAL
237
0
Cycling - Mountain Bike
Cross Country
29
11
TOTAL
29
11
Cycling - Road
Time Trial
69
16
Road Race
131
31
TOTAL
200
47
Cycling Track
Sprint
19
6
Team Sprint
21
0
500m Time Trial
0
5
1000m Time Trial
11
0
3000m Individual Pursuit
0
11
4000m Individual Pursuit
14
0
4000m Team Pursuit
22
0
20km Scratch Race
24
0
25km / 30km Points Race
0
14
40km / 50km Points Race
27
0
TOTAL
138
36
Gymnastics - Artistic
Balance Beam
0
8
Floor
8
8
Horizontal Bar
8
0
Individual All Round
24
24
Parallel Bars
8
0
Pommel Horse
8
0
Rings
8
0
Team
41
49
Uneven Bars
0
8
Vault
8
8
TOTAL
113
105
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
All Around
0
15
Ball
0
8
Clubs
0
8
!
58!
Ribbon
0
8
Rope
0
8
Team
0
21
TOTAL
0
68
Hockey
Tournament
160
160
TOTAL
160
160
Lawn Bowls
Singles
22
20
Pairs
42
36
Triples / Fours
63
45
TOTAL
127
101
Netball
Tournament
0
144
TOTAL
0
144
Rugby Sevens
Tournament
192
0
TOTAL
192
0
Shooting
10m Air Pistol Singles
35
22
10m Air Pistol Pairs
36
16
10m Air Rifle Singles
27
28
10m Air Rifle Pairs
26
27
25m Pistol Singles
0
20
25m Pistol Pairs
0
20
25m Centre Fire Pistol
Singles
24
0
25m Centre Fire Pistol
Pairs
31
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol
Singles
16
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Pairs
12
0
25m Standard Pistol
Singles
31
0
25m Standard Pistol Pairs
31
0
50m Pistol Singles
22
0
50m Pistol Pairs
20
0
50m Rifle 3 Positions
Singles
21
23
50m Rifle 3 Positions Pairs
20
20
50m Rifle Prone Singles
38
27
50m Rifle Prone Pairs
38
24
Full Bore Rifle Singles
Open*
19
19
Full Bore Rifle Pairs Open*
19
19
Skeet Singles
28
9
Skeet Pairs
24
8
!
59!
Clay Pigeon Trap Singles
41
12
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs
42
12
Double Trap Singles
23
8
Double Trap Pairs
24
8
TOTAL
648
322
Squash
Singles
53
30
Doubles
42
20
Mixed Doubles
20
20
TOTAL
115
70
Table Tennis
Singles
42
27
Singles Wheelchair
0
8
Doubles
94
52
Mixed Doubles
58
58
Team
107
56
TOTAL
301
201
Triathlon
1500m swim, 40km cycle,
19km run
32
25
TOTAL
32
25
Weightlifting
48kg
0
11
53kg
0
5
56kg
16
0
58kg
0
10
62kg
20
0
63kg
0
7
69kg
15
7
75kg
0
6
>75kg
0
11
77kg
13
0
85kg
9
0
94kg
10
0
105kg
13
0
>105kg
9
0
Bench Press Para Sport
29
0
TOTAL
134
57
TOTAL ALL EVENTS
4007
2679
!
60!
Table 17 – Total Entries in all Events, 2010 Commonwealth Games
SPORT/DISCIPLINE
EVENTS
ENTRIES
(MEN)
ENTRIES
(WOMEN)
Archery
Compound Individual
48
32
Compound Team
45
24
Recurve Individual
38
22
Recurve Team
33
18
TOTAL
164
96
Aquatics - Diving
1m Springboard
13
13
3m Springboard
13
13
3m Synchronised Springboard
14
12
10m Platform
11
13
10m Synchronised Platform
8
16
TOTAL
59
67
Aquatics - Swimming
50m Backstroke
29
33
50m Breaststroke
27
31
50m Butterfly
44
32
50m Freestyle
66
48
50m Para Sport Freestyle
15
10
100m Backstroke
27
25
100m Breaststroke
30
26
100m Butterfly
35
25
100m Freestyle
52
42
100m Para Sport S8 Freestyle
7
0
100m Para Sport S10
Freestyle
12
0
100m Para Sport S9 Butterfly
0
7
100m Para Sport S9 Freestyle
0
10
200m Backstroke
17
18
200m Breaststroke
17
18
200m Butterfly
20
16
200m Freestyle
36
27
200m Individual Medley
21
14
400m Freestyle
28
23
400m Individual Medley
15
16
800m Freestyle
0
13
!
61!
1500m Freestyle
15
0
4x100 Medley
47
42
4x100m Freestyle
57
38
4x200m Freestyle
45
42
TOTAL
662
556
Aquatics –
Synchronised Swimming
Solo
0
8
Duet
0
14
TOTAL
0
22
Athletics
100m
64
39
100m Para Sport
27
8
200m
58
36
400m
41
33
800m
26
17
1500m
29
21
1500m Para Sport Wheelchair
18
11
5000m
23
11
10000m
16
8
Marathon
24
16
4x100m
76
34
4x400m
53
52
100m Hurdles
0
15
110m Hurdles
11
0
400m Hurdles
18
11
3000m Steeplechase
12
9
20km Walk
16
9
Decathlon
14
0
Heptathlon
0
12
Discus Throw
15
10
Hammer Throw
13
17
High Jump
23
13
Javelin Throw
11
14
Long Jump
21
19
Pole Vault
13
13
Shot Put
15
12
Shot Put Para Sport
9
8
Triple Jump
13
11
TOTAL
659
459
!
62!
Badminton
Singles
59
55
Doubles
62
60
Mixed Doubles
50
50
Mixed Team
67
67
TOTAL
238
232
Boxing
<49kg
17
0
52kg
18
0
56kg
21
0
60kg
34
0
64kg
27
0
69kg
32
0
75kg
27
0
81kg
20
0
91kg
17
0
+91kg
16
0
TOTAL
229
0
Cycling - Road
Time Trial
63
28
Road Race
130
59
TOTAL
193
87
Cycling - Track
Sprint
24
10
Team Sprint
18
8
Keirin
21
0
500m Time Trial
0
13
1000m Time Trial
13
0
3000m Individual Pursuit
0
13
4000m Individual Pursuit
14
0
4000m Team Pursuit
20
0
10km Scratch Race
0
18
20km Scratch Race
36
0
25km / 30km Points Race
0
18
40km / 50km Points Race
35
0
TOTAL
181
80
Gymnastics - Artistic
Balance Beam
0
38
Floor
40
36
Horizontal Bar
41
0
Individual All Round
50
42
Parallel Bars
42
0
Pommel Horse
43
0
!
63!
Rings
41
0
Team
44
36
Uneven Bars
0
38
Vault
15
14
TOTAL
316
204
Gymnastics - Rhythmic
All Around
0
23
Ball
0
23
Hoop
0
23
Ribbon
0
23
Rope
0
23
Team
0
15
TOTAL
0
130
Hockey
Tournament
160
160
TOTAL
160
160
Lawn Bowls
Singles
18
20
Pairs
48
40
Triples / Fours
60
48
TOTAL
126
108
Netball
Tournament
0
144
TOTAL
0
144
Rugby Sevens
Tournament
192
0
TOTAL
192
0
Shooting
10m Air Pistol Singles
29
24
10m Air Pistol Pairs
26
16
10m Air Rifle Singles
16
18
10m Air Rifle Pairs
12
18
25m Pistol Singles
0
17
25m Pistol Pairs
0
14
25m Centre Fire Pistol Singles
27
0
25m Centre Fire Pistol Pairs
26
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Singles
12
0
25m Rapid Fire Pistol Pairs
10
0
25m Standard Pistol Singles
23
0
25m Standard Pistol Pairs
22
0
50m Pistol Singles
21
0
50m Pistol Pairs
18
0
50m Rifle 3 Positions Singles
16
17
50m Rifle 3 Positions Pairs
14
16
!
64!
50m Rifle Prone Singles
41
21
50m Rifle Prone Pairs
38
20
Full Bore Rifle Singles Open*
21
21
Full Bore Rifle Pairs Open*
21
21
Skeet Singles
29
0
Skeet Pairs
24
0
Clay Pigoen Trap Singles
37
21
Clay Pigeon Trap Pairs
32
18
Double Trap Singles
20
0
Double Trap Pairs
20
0
TOTAL
555
262
Squash
Singles
62
40
Doubles
52
30
Mixed Doubles
21
21
TOTAL
135
91
Table Tennis
Singles
109
78
Singles Wheelchair
0
12
Doubles
92
64
Mixed Doubles
63
63
Team
104
64
TOTAL
368
281
Tennis
Singles
32
28
Doubles
32
22
Mixed Doubles
16
16
TOTAL
80
66
Weightlifting
48kg
0
10
53kg
0
11
56kg
12
0
58kg
0
12
62kg
22
0
63kg
0
8
69kg
18
12
75kg
0
14
>75kg
0
11
77kg
15
0
85kg
20
0
94kg
14
0
105kg
12
0
!
65!
>105kg
11
0
Bench Press Para Sport
26
12
TOTAL
150
90
Wrestling
Freestyle 48 kg
0
6
Freestyle 51 kg
0
7
Freestyle 55 kg
10
0
Freestyle 55kg
0
6
Freestyle 59 kg
0
6
Freestyle 60 kg
10
0
Freestyle 63 kg
0
9
Freestyle 66 kg
14
0
Freestyle 67 kg
0
7
Freestyle 72 kg
0
7
Freestyle 74 kg
9
0
Freestyle 84 kg
12
0
Freestyle 96 kg
11
0
Freestyle 120 kg
8
0
Greco Roman 120 kg
6
0
Greco Roman 55 kg
7
0
Greco Roman 60 kg
7
0
Greco Roman 66 kg
8
0
Greco Roman 74 kg
7
0
Greco Roman 84 kg
9
0
Greco Roman 96 kg
9
0
TOTAL
127
48
TOTAL ALL EVENTS
4594
3183
