THE HOLY SPIRIT IN THE OLD TESTAMENT

by Mike Stallard

The possibility of producing clear doctrine on the Holy Spirit of God based upon the Old

Testament has been ruled out by some scholars.

Even strong conservatives have expressed

caution in this area:

There are about one hundred references to the "spirit of God" in the Old Testament. It is difficult to be

confident of an exact number, for some of these are unclear as to meaning. The Hebrew word translated

"spirit" is the same word that can be translated "breath" or "wind." It is, therefore, somewhat tenuous to

establish clear doctrinal positions on these verses. While people in the Old Testament era could not

understand the person and the work of the Holy Spirit as we do, that does not mean that the Spirit was not

present and at work (cf. Acts 7:51; 2 Peter 1:21). But the emphasis in the Old Testament was on the role

of God the Father, rather than on the Son Jesus Christ or the Holy Spirit.

While this counsel must be heeded, it is important not to overlook what actually is taught about

the Spirit in the Old Testament. With that in mind the current study presents two aspects to

examining Old Testament pneumatology. First, a survey of all Old Testament references to the

Holy Spirit is provided. The Hebrew word ruah (breath, wind, or spirit) occurs some 394 times.

Approximately 25% of those are references to the Spirit of God which form the basis for the Old

Testament teaching. Second, a section is provided on special issues in Old Testament

pneumatology. Here an attempt is made to synthesize what is found in the Old Testament about

the Spirit and to investigate any continuities and discontinuities with the ministry of the Holy

Spirit in the New Testament.

A Survey of Old Testament Teaching

iii

Pentateuch

In Genesis the Spirit of God is clearly mentioned twice with a third reference possible.

The Spirit of God takes part in creation week by moving on the waters in Gen. 1:2. The idea in

this passage, which is hard to take in an impersonal sense, is a hovering or brooding over the

waters. In Gen. 6:3, God says "my Spirit will not always strive with man." Here the concept

appears to be the Spirit contending with men and women during the wicked days prior to the

great Flood. This contention appears to be an internal striving of the Spirit against the wicked

imaginations of man. The passage also implies that the Spirit's very presence and ministry

could be withdrawn from the human race in some sense. The third possible allusion to the Spirit

of God in Genesis is the characterization of Joseph by Pharaoh with the question "Can we find

such a one as this is, a man in whom the spirit of God is?" (Gen. 41:38). Pharaoh's

understanding is similar to Nebuchadnezzar's description of Daniel as one in whom a spirit of the

holy gods (or Holy God) dwells (Dan. 4:8, 9, 18). Although the passage can not be pressed in

light of Pharaoh's pagan perspective, it is clear that Joseph's interpretation of dreams is done by

the power and Spirit of God and does not flow from any simple characterization of him as a

godly man.

Like Genesis, Exodus only refers to the Spirit of God a handful of times. However, the

passages involved all seem to highlight the giving of the Spirit of God to men to give them the

capacity to perform natural skills well. In Ex. 28:3, God gives men wisdom in the area of

making priestly garments (cp. Ex. 35:35). Although the Spirit of God is not mentioned in this

verse, later passages indicate that God filled men such as Bezalel and Oholiab with the Spirit of

God for the purpose of artistic design and craftsmanship with regard to the Tabernacle and its

instruments (Ex. 31:3, 35:31). This work of the Spirit anticipates the giving of spiritual gifts in

the NT although the focus in Exodus seems to be on natural abilities rather than spiritual

dimensions.

Leviticus never mentions the Spirit of God, but Numbers highlights the Spirit in three

separate chapters. On the occasion when God transferred some of the "spirit" that was upon

Moses to the seventy elders, it is clear that the ministry of the Holy Spirit is in view (Num.

11:17, 25, 26). First, all of the elders involved began to prophesy which is an indication of the

presence of the Spirit of God in special ministry as seen throughout both the Old and New

Testaments. Second, Moses, in answering Joshua's objection, wishes that God would put His

Spirit upon all the people so that they could prophesy (11:29). The second chapter in Numbers

where the Spirit is cited is Num. 24:2 where God's Spirit comes upon Balaam, the false prophet.

This shows that according to the purposes of God, the Spirit can even come upon pagans and that

such a moving of the Spirit is not a permanent feature. The final occurrence in Numbers of the

Spirit is the more permanent nature of Joshua's infilling by the Spirit of God cited in 27:18.

Deuteronomy, like Leviticus, does not mention the Spirit of God. However, Joshua is

said to be filled with the spirit of wisdom which as seen from Exodus gives an implicit reference

to the Spirit (34:9; cp. Ex. 35:25). Also, on six occasions, Moses reminds the children of Israel

about the history of their experiences by citing the "signs and wonders" that God had done

through them and for them (Dt. 4:34, 6:22, 7:19, 26:8, 29:3, 34:11). The reference back to the

experience in Egypt (cp. Ex. 7:3) is never clearly described as caused by the Spirit of God

although later revelations from God associate signs and wonders with the power of the Spirit

(Rom. 15:19).

The Historical Books: Joshua, Judges, Ruth

The historical books of Joshua and Ruth do not refer to the Spirit of God. However, the

Book of Judges marks an intensification of the idea of the Holy Spirit coming upon certain

individuals to carry out God's divine purpose. Throughout the time of the Judges, it seems that

God sends both His Spirit and evil spirits (9:23) upon certain men on specific occasions. God's

Spirit throughout is the Spirit of Yahweh rather than the emphasis on the Spirit of Elohim found

in the Pentateuch.

The Spirit of Yahweh comes upon Othniel (3:10) as God used him to deliver the children

of Israel from Chushan-rishathaim. In perhaps the pivotal section in Judges, the Spirit of

Yahweh comes upon Gideon (6:34) as he gathered and led the people against the oppression of

the Midianites. The Spirit of Yahweh also comes upon Jephthah (11:29) as he leads the

Israelites in victory against the Ammonites.

However, the most instructive section of Judges on the issue of the Holy Spirit is the

account of Samson's life and leadership in the nation (13-16). Samson, dedicated as a Nazirite,

enjoyed the blessing of the LORD (13:24). The text affirms that the Spirit of Yahweh began to

"move" Samson "at times" (13:25). This general statement explicitly teaches that the work of

the Spirit in Samson's life was not a continuous, permanent work. The specific examples cited

later show that, in fact, the Spirit seems to come upon Samson and leave Samson according to

the purposes of God. In 14:6, the Spirit of Yahweh comes upon him to give him strength to slay

a lion. In 14:19, the Spirit of Yahweh comes upon him to slay thirty Philistines. An even

greater feat is the slaying of a thousand Philistines with a donkey's jawbone, a feat that is caused

by the Spirit coming upon him (15:14-15).

What is unique about the Samson story is that God's Spirit comes upon him while he is in

the midst of lust and sin. That means that the coming of the Spirit upon a man is not necessarily

conditioned upon his holy life. Throughout the passage it is God's sovereign purpose among the

people that is in view (14:4, 16:28-30). There is no way in which Samson earned the right for

the Spirit to come upon him. It is also true that the Spirit was no longer available to give him

strength, a condition he did not realize for a time (16:20). Finally, it is important to know that

Samson's strength was entirely of the Spirit. Had he been a strong man physically in

comparison to other Israelite men, it is doubtful that the Philistines would have sought the reason

for his great power.

Historical Books: 1 & 2 Samuel, 1 & 2 Kings, 1 & 2 Chronicles

In the history given in 1 & 2 Samuel, the same emphasis continues that was found in the

Book of Judges. However, the focus is on Saul and David in the struggles over kingship while

at the same time adding the occurrence of prophesying as a major result of the Spirit's presence.

During Saul's anointing as king, the prophet Samuel predicts that the Spirit of Yahweh will come

upon him and will cause him to prophesy and become a different man (1 Sam. 10:1-7). When

the prediction comes true (10:10), the text says that the Spirit of Yahweh came upon Saul so that

he prophesied among the prophets. In the next chapter, the Spirit of Yahweh comes upon Saul

much like He did on the Judges, as Saul delivers the Israelites from Nahash and the Ammonites

(11:1-11). The chronicler also records that the Spirit of God came upon messengers sent from

Saul to capture David so that they do not accomplish the evil deed but prophesy instead

(19:19-21). The last mention of the Spirit coming upon Saul is in the same chapter after the

events involving the messengers. When Saul himself travels to Naoith, where he hopes to find

David, the Spirit causes him to prophesy as before (19:23-24).

What is intriguing about this event is that it is after an earlier time when the Spirit was

said to have departed from Saul (1 Sam. 16:14). This departure coincides with the anointing of

David as king, the coming of the Spirit upon David, and the sending of an evil spirit from God

upon Saul (16:14-23, 18:10, 19:9). The evil spirit also seems to come and go in the life of Saul.

In David's case, the coming of the Spirit seems to have a more permanent character since it was

"from that day forward" (16:13). At the end of his life, David's last words note that "the Spirit

of Yahweh spake by me, and his word was in my tongue" (2 Sam. 23:2). In this way, the death

of David highlights the role of the Spirit in causing men to prophesy.

In 1 Kings 22:24-25, there is an awareness that the Spirit of God is involved in the words

of the prophets as shown by the argument between Zedekiah and Micaiah. However, in 1 & 2

Kings, the role of the Holy Spirit centers mostly on the prophet Elijah to whom the word of the

Lord would frequently come (1 Ki. 17:2, 8; 18:1, etc.). In none of the statements about the word

of the Lord is the Spirit of God ever mentioned. However, Elijah is clearly one of the prophets

whose prophesying has previously in the OT canon been the work of the Spirit. Nonetheless,

there are two concrete examples where the Spirit of God is mentioned in conjunction with the

ministry of Elijah. On one occasion, Elijah tells Obadiah, the governor of the king's house, to

tell King Ahab that "Elijah is here." Obadiah fears that he will be killed by Ahab because the

Spirit of God may carry Elijah somewhere else before he comes back with Ahab (1 Ki. 18:7-12).

The idea appears to be the possibility of transport by the Spirit from one place to another and not

simply Elijah being "led by the Spirit" in a kind of subjective guidance. This conclusion is

reinforced by the second occasion where the Spirit of God is mentioned in reference to the life

and ministry of Elijah. In 2 Kings 2:16, the sons of the prophets tell Elisha that they want to

seek for Elijah in case the Spirit of Yahweh has caught Elijah up and placed him on some

mountain or in some valley.

Another area of interest concerning the Spirit and Elijah is Elisha's desire to have a

double portion of Elijah's "spirit" when Elijah is taken up to heaven by the Lord (2 Ki. 2:9-15).

After Elijah's departure, the sons of the prophets recognize that the spirit of Elijah rests on Elisha

(2:15). Although this account surely refers to Elisha's keen desire to continue the ministry of

Elijah, it probably also indicates the empowerment of Elisha by the Spirit analogous to the elders

receiving the spirit that was upon Moses (Num. 11).

In 1 Chronicles there is one mention of the Spirit of God as the Spirit comes upon

Amasai to encourage him to join himself and his men to David's band of men (12:19). In 2

Chronicles there are four passages to consider:

1. The Spirit of God comes upon Azariah the prophet to give a message to Asa, king of

Judah (15:1);

2. Zedekiah hits Micaiah on the cheek while challenging him about whom the Spirit of

God really used to speak (18:23);

3. The Spirit of Yahweh comes upon Jahaziel so that he speaks an encouraging

prophecy to Jehoshaphat, Jerusalem, and Judah about an upcoming battle with the

Ammonites and Moabites (20:14-22);

4. The Spirit of God comes upon Zechariah to preach against the transgressions of the

people (24:20).

In most of these cases, the Spirit speaks through a man to give guidance for God's will.

Historical Books: Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther

There are no references to the Spirit of God in Ezra and Esther. However, in Nehemiah

the Spirit is mentioned in one passage that cites the prayers of the people as led by the Levites.

In 9:20, the people praise Yahweh for the way He gave "His good Spirit" to the children of Israel

during the experiences in the wilderness under Moses. Later in the same prayer (v. 30), they

praise Yahweh for his patience in sending His Spirit in the prophets to rebuke the people during

that time in the nation's history.

Poetic Books: Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Solomon

There are only a few isolated passages in the poetic literature of the Bible which speak

explicitly of the Spirit of God. No reference to the Holy Spirit can be found in Proverbs,

Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Solomon. There are two clear references in Job.

The first is the

statement by Elihu to Job that he was created by the Spirit of God (33:4). The second is Elihu's

affirmation that God's Spirit and breath were necessary for men to stay alive (34:14). Although

Elihu's advice is not generally wise in the flow of the argument of the book of Job, these two

passages show an emphasis upon two functions of the Spirit of God, namely, Creation and

Providence, both of which are clearly taught elsewhere in Scripture (Gen. 1:2; Ps. 104:27-30).

The Psalms yield five passages that possibly refer to the Spirit of God. First, Psalm

104:30 in context discusses the role of the Spirit in providential care of the created order (v.

24-30). There is the possibility that "breath" is meant instead of "Spirit" in the passage.

However, most translations opt for the more likely rendering of "Spirit." Second, in Psalm

106:33, the psalmist rehearses the disobedience and rebellion of the children of Israel in the

wilderness under Moses. This rebellion is described as "against his spirit." The phrase "his

spirit" could mean the spirit of Moses in light of the following statement "he spake unadvisably

with his lips," an assessment that would not be made of God. However, probably on account of

the close relationship between Moses and God throughout the wilderness experience, some

modern translations translate the expression as "His Spirit" making reference to the Holy Spirit.

A couple of other passages in the Psalms mention the Spirit of God without any question.

Psalm 139 speaks of the inability of the psalmist to get away from the Spirit and presence of God

(v. 7). Psalm 143 gives the psalmist's faithful acclamation that "thou art my God: thy Spirit is

good" (v. 10). In the latter example, the writer prays for God to teach and lead him in

uprightness, presumably by means of His good Spirit.

The final and perhaps most significant mention of the Holy Spirit in the Psalms is found

in the midst of David's confession in Psalm 51. The structure of the pertinent verses (10-12)

yield three doublets, each doublet showing Hebrew parallelism:

v. 10 Create in me a clean heart, O God

And renew a right spirit within me

v. 11 Cast me not away from thy presence

And take not thy Holy Spirit from me

v. 12 Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation

And uphold me with thy free spirit

The clean heart and right spirit (v. 10) refer to David's request for God to purify his inner being.

Verse 11 is David's prayer that God's presence would not depart from him. He words this also

as a supplication that God's Spirit would not be taken away from him. No doubt David was

aware of the declension of his predecessor Saul and the history of the Spirit departing from him

(1 Sam. 16:14-23). His confession pleads for a repeat not to take place. He longs for the joy

of his salvation to return (not the salvation itself) and couples this with a desire to be sustained

with a willing spirit. The KJV rendering of "thy free spirit" may lend itself to an understanding

of God's Spirit, but the idea is probably God's gracious provision of a willing spirit to the

confessing psalmist.

Pre-Exilic Prophets

Among the pre-exilic prophets, the Holy Spirit is never mentioned in Jeremiah (including

Lamentations), Obadiah, Jonah, Amos, Hosea, Nahum, Zephaniah, and Habakkuk. However,

the remaining pre-exilic prophets (Joel, Micah, and Isaiah) have significant references to the

Spirit of God.

Joel

Joel 2:28-32 gives the highly important prophecy concerning the Day of the Lord and

associated events. Four elements of God's provision according to the prophecy can be

summarized: (1) He would pour out His Spirit on all people, (2) He would provide prophecy,

dreams, and visions, (3) He would give cosmic signs, and (4) he would deliver a remnant in

Jerusalem. This passage will find its fulfillment during the tribulation period, Second Coming

of Christ, and the subsequent national restoration of Israel. The ultimate fulfillment of this

passage is found in the millennium.

The quotation of this passage by Peter on the Day of Pentecost (Acts 2:17-21) has

engendered no small debate. It may be best to see the events of Acts 2 as analogous to the

predictions of Joel in light of the fact that the first three elements cited above were not being

fulfilled at the time that Peter quotes the passage from Joel. The Spirit had only come upon the

twelve apostles, not all the people. The speaking in tongues in the passage apparently needed

no interpretation and may not constitute prophecy, dreams, and visions. There were certainly no

cosmic signs on the Day of Pentecost. Thus, Joel's prophecy of the pouring out of the Spirit

upon all flesh is yet to be fulfilled. This passage gives what has been called, based upon

terminology from Jeremiah 31:31-34, the new covenant that in the latter days will replace the

Old Covenant for the nation of Israel. The mention of the day of the Lord in the passage assures

that its fulfillment is associated with the end time scenario of tribulation and judgment.

Micah

The prophet Micah mentions the Spirit of God twice. In one passage, false prophets

react to Micah's prophecy of divinely caused disaster for the nation with the ingenuous question,

"O thou that art named the house of Jacob, is the spirit of the LORD straitened? are these his

doings? do not my words do good to him that walketh uprightly?" (2:7). The reference to the

Spirit is variously debated as either His anger or impatience that is in view.

The second

reference to the Spirit in Micah is found at 3:8. In verbal battle with the false prophets of his

day, Micah defends his own prophetic witness by asserting that "truly I am full of power by the

Spirit of the LORD, and of judgment, and of might, to declare unto Jacob his transgression, and

to Israel his sin." This is one of the relatively few references to the concept of the fullness of the

Spirit found in the Old Testament.

Isaiah

The Hebrew word ruah is a favorite of Isaiah. He speaks of the "spirit" of judgment

(4:4, 28:6), burning (4:4), wisdom (11:2), counsel (11:2), knowledge (11:2), deep sleep (29:10),

and heaviness (61:3). He further talks about a spirit of the nation Egypt (19:3), a perverse spirit

(19:14), the spirit of the humble (57:15), vexation of spirit (65:14), a contrite spirit (66:2), and

other various references to wind, breath, and the human spirit. It is not surprising then that the

Holy Spirit is mentioned several times (more than any other OT prophet) and that some of the

references such as spirit of judgment, wisdom, counsel, and knowledge may apply to the divine

Spirit as well.

There are some strongly Messianic passages in Isaiah which speak of the Spirit of God.

In Isaiah 11, a descendant of David would arise (the Messiah) to fulfill the promises made to

David (2 Sam. 7:16ff). Isaiah has already cited the significant ministry of this personage to rule

over God's everlasting kingdom (Is. 9:6-7). The Spirit of God would rest upon this Messiah to

empower him for his sovereign rule in the coming divine empire (11:2). The highlighting of the

spirit of wisdom and understanding, counsel and might, knowledge and the fear of the LORD

points to the qualities of this King. In summary, "the attributes of the Holy Spirit would

characterize the Messiah."

The same concept of the resting of the Spirit upon the Messiah

can be found in Isaiah 42:1 where he is described with the term "servant." In both passages, a

major outgrowth of the abiding of the Spirit upon the Messiah is righteous judgment.

A third Messianic passage of some significance is Isaiah 61:1 which is quoted at length in

Luke 4:18-19. Jesus' instruction on that occasion was that the content of this verse was

fulfilled in the hearing of his current audience. Thus, the Spirit of the Lord was upon Him for

the purpose of preaching, healing, and deliverance. This correlates well with John's

understanding that Christ Jesus possessed the Spirit of God without measure, i.e., in His fullness

(John 3:34) as he entered into his First Advent ministry. However, it is interesting that Jesus

stops his reading before the statement in Isaiah 61:2: "and the day of vengeance of our God."

No doubt Christ knew that fulfillment of such a day awaits His Second Coming.

In addition to Messianic passages which speak of the Spirit, a few of the references to the

Spirit highlight the promise of a new covenant or kingdom blessings for the nation of Israel

(32:15, 44:3, 59:19-21). In Isaiah 32:15, there is a Messianic context (a coming king in verse

one) and future blessing on the land of Israel (v. 15-20). Verse 15 states explicitly that this time

of blessing will not happen "until the Spirit be poured upon us from on high." The "us" in the

verse refers to the nation of Israel. The Spirit's special presence in the nation and land

corresponds to a time of righteousness, quiet, and peace (v. 17-18). The time spoken of begins

with the millennial reign of Christ. In Isaiah 44:3, another description of this glorious future is

described by God's promise to give water to the thirsty, His Spirit upon the seed of Israel, and

blessing upon the offspring of Israel. In Isaiah 59:19-21, the time of future blessing is described

as a time when "the Spirit of the LORD shall lift up a standard against" the enemy and there

exists universal fear of the LORD (v. 19). Furthermore, it is a time when the Redeemer comes

to Zion and a remnant of the nation repents of its sin (v. 20). Finally, the kingdom is

characterized by a special covenant made with the nation (v. 21). It is implied that it is a new

covenant and not the ratification of a previous one. Hence, it corresponds to the statements of

Jer. 31, Ez. 36, and Joel 2. Isaiah lists two elements in this covenant, both of which are viewed

as permanent: (1) God's Spirit resting upon the people of the nation, (2) the putting of the words

of God in their mouths (v. 21). In this way, Isaiah accents the theological intertwining of Word

and Spirit that is prominent throughout both testaments.

Other references in Isaiah to the Holy Spirit of God highlight the following:

A pronouncement of woe is given those in the nation of Israel who do not seek or

follow God's will in the matter of foreign alliances. Such a state of affairs according

to God is "not of my Spirit" (Is. 30:1);

God's Spirit will gather all of the wild animals which Isaiah predicts will overrun

Edom as an act of divine judgment (Is. 34:16);

God himself is elevated when one realizes that no man is able to give counsel or

direction to God's Spirit (Is. 40:13);

Isaiah has been sent to Israel along with God's Spirit (probably a reference to the

prophecies given through Isaiah) to speak to the children of Israel (Is. 48:16);

vii

In a section rehearsing the past compassion of God (focusing mostly on Moses and

the children of Israel), the text says the children of Israel "rebelled and vexed His

Holy Spirit" (63:10). His Holy Spirit had been placed among the people (63:11) and

eventually gave them rest in that experience (63:14). This passage contains two of

the three uses of the term "Holy Spirit" found in the Old Testament.

Jeremiah

Earlier it was noted that the Holy Spirit is not mentioned by the prophet Jeremiah.

However, the concept of a new covenant, which is associated in other prophets with the Holy

Spirit, is mentioned in Jeremiah 31:31-34. This new covenant with Israel and Judah is

characterized by Jeremiah as the forgiveness of sin, the universal knowledge of Yahweh, and

God's law put within the people, in fact, written on their hearts. It is also a time when God will

be their God and they shall be His people. Theologically, it is not hard to see how the Holy

Spirit would be involved in bringing to pass this state of affairs. Joel 2:28-32 and Ezekiel

36:22-38 describe essentially the same features but also include the Holy Spirit's role in leading

the children of Israel into a walk of obedience. The time of the fulfillment of all of these

predictions begins with the coming millennial kingdom.

Exilic Prophets

Ezekiel contains several specific references to the Spirit of God while Daniel only

contains debatable possibilities concerning the Holy Spirit. The text of Ezekiel yields more than

one way of describing the Spirit's activity. For example, the Spirit of God both lifts up Ezekiel

(3:12, 14; 8:3; 11:1, 24; 43:5) and enters Ezekiel (2:2; 3:24). The significance of the former is

that the Spirit is involved in giving the prophet a vision. The description of the hand of the Lord

moving Ezekiel to the valley of dry bones is essentially the same action although the terminology

is different (37:1ff). The use of the latter terminology is intertwined with the former but

appears to emphasize the giving of a personal command from God to Ezekiel. Similarly, the

idea of the Spirit of Yahweh "falling upon" Ezekiel (11:5) produces a clear prophetic utterance

by the prophet.

Another area in which Ezekiel highlights the work of the Spirit of God is the concept of

the new covenant. Ezekiel 11:17-20 predicts that at a time when God brings the scattered Jews

back to the land, He will "put a new spirit within them" and give them a new heart for the

purpose of obedience. Although the Holy Spirit is not directly mentioned, the passage

anticipates Ezekiel 36:27 in context where God promises the nation "I will put my Spirit within

you." Ezekiel does not use the terminology of a new covenant, but the descriptions match the

presentation of Jeremiah 31:31ff. Ezekiel 39:21-29 (esp. v. 29) reinforces the idea that the

regathering of Israel into the land and the outpouring of the Spirit upon the nation occurs in the

end times at the beginning of the kingdom (Ez. 40-48).

viii

The book of Daniel yields no clear references to the Holy Spirit. Daniel is described as

possessing an "extraordinary spirit" (5:12, 6:3) but it is doubtful that the Holy Spirit is in view.

Rather, the quality of his character may be the outlook. In several verses (4:8, 9, 18; 5:11, 14)

the reader receives the king's pagan viewpoint that Daniel is one in whom "a spirit of the holy

gods" dwells. From a biblical perspective it is possible to see the correct understanding as the

presence of the Holy Spirit, a presence little understood by the king. However, such would be a

theological deduction and not a direct statement of the book of Daniel.

Post-Exilic Prophets

The post-exilic prophets Haggai and Zechariah both allude to the Holy Spirit but teaching

about the Spirit of God is not central to their message. The lone mention of the Holy Spirit in

Haggai focuses on the presence of the abiding Spirit in the midst of the nation (2:5). This is to

be an encouragement to Zerubabel, Joshua the high priest, and the post-exilic remnant (2:4).

In Zechariah, there are three clear references to the Spirit of God. In chapter four, an

angel encourages the prophet in the vision of the lampstand with seven channels supplying oil to

the lampstand. The angel interprets this picture as a promise from God that the temple would

surely be rebuilt but by God’s Spirit and not merely by human ability. Hence, the statement is

given: “not by might nor by power, but by My Spirit , says the LORD of hosts” (4:6).

The second mention of the Holy Spirit in the book of Zechariah is 7:12. In this section

of Zechariah, God scolds the people of Judah of recent times for their hard hearts, selfishness,

and disobedience. Their disobedience is described as a rejection of the words from God “sent

by His Spirit through previous prophets.” Thus, the Holy Spirit is the one who gives the

message to and through the Old Testament prophets.

The third mention of the Spirit is the pouring out of “the Spirit of grace and supplication”

cited in 12:10 when the house of David and those in Jerusalem will mourn when they see the

One they pierced (at the Second Coming). While there is some question about identifying ruah

here as the Holy Spirit of God,

the context leaves little doubt. It will be a day when there is

cleansing of the nation from sin (13:1) and when the LORD is their God (12:5, 13:9). This

corresponds quite well with other prophetic passages concerning the New Covenant (Joel

2:28-32, Jer. 31:31ff, Ez. 36:24-38, 39:29) in which the Holy Spirit plays a prominent role.

The post-exilic book of Malachi may refer to the Holy Spirit in one extremely difficult

verse to translate (2:15).

In the section on the sin of divorce which the prophet is highlighting,

he asks the question: “Has not the LORD made them one?” The answer is “in flesh and spirit

they are his” (NIV). The KJV refers to the “residue of the spirit” and the NASB to the “remnant

of the Spirit.” One way of taking the passage that sees the Holy Spirit in view has been

summarized this way: “Did not God make us one nation by separating us from the other

nations? asks this view. Yet this limiting was not done because the Spirit of God had exhausted

the fullness of his blessings, which might have been spread more widely among other nations,

but it was done specifically so that he might make from the “seed” a repository of his covenant

and the stock of his Messiah.”

The position that Malachi refers to the Holy Spirit in 2:15 does

have the problem of relating the idea in some way to the divorce issue that is the topic under

discussion. Consequently, it is best not to derive any ideas in this passage about the Holy Spirit

which are not confirmed elsewhere in Scripture.

Special Issues in Old Testament Pneumatology

In the previous section, a summary of Old Testament passages referring to the Holy Spirit

was given. Such a review is often lacking from works on the Holy Spirit although it is

foundational to any theological synthesis on the ministry of the Holy Spirit in the Old Testament.

Below are theological reflections which attempt to integrate actual Old Testament teaching on

the Spirit a well as explore the issues of continuity and discontinuity with the New Testament.

Continuity of the Old Testament with the Gospels

One of the most important issues in understanding the role of the Holy Spirit in Christian

ministry today is the extent to which there is a change in that role beginning on the day of

Pentecost in Acts 2. There are several lines of evidence that point to the conclusion that the

change that takes place is substantial. One strong reason for seeing a significant shift is the

biblical teaching about the baptism of the Spirit (to be discussed below). This baptism is at a

time future to the Gospels and apparently entails a new ministry of the Spirit (Matt. 3:11, Acts

1:5).

A second reason for seeing a radical change in the ministry of the Spirit at Pentecost is

the pneumatology of John’s Gospel. While there is no denial that the Spirit is already present in

the world, there is clear teaching that the Holy Spirit will come and perform new ministry. The

Upper Room Discourse is especially instructive on this score. The most compelling example is

when Jesus tells His disciples that the Holy Spirit is “the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot

receive, because it does not behold Him or know Him, but you know Him because He abides

with you, and will be in you” (John 14:17 NASB). The transition from with you to in you

highlights a promise and prediction of the Savior of the changing ministry of the Holy Spirit for

the sake of the disciples. While the Spirit empowers them at that time, there is coming a day

when He will indwell them. The Spirit is pictured as One who will be given (14:16) and sent

(14:26) by the Father. Another description is that He is sent “by the Son from the Father”

(15:26). There can be little question that these changes as well as others point ahead to the time

of Pentecost when the Spirit came in new ministry at the start of the Church Age.

Related to this question is whether the Gospel accounts give a picture of Holy Spirit

ministry in the first century that is the same as that of the Old Testament. The Gospels point

ahead to the changes alluded to above. However, the experience of the Holy Spirit in the

Gospels is essentially unchanged from the Old Testament. For example, the Holy Spirit comes

upon some believers to empower them for certain tasks. The Holy Spirit certainly comes upon

Jesus early in his ministry (Mt. 3:16-17) although it could be argued that Christ is a special case.

However, Jesus sends out the twelve disciples with “authority over unclean spirits, to cast them

out, and to heal every kind of disease and every kind of sickness” (Mt. 10:1). Nowhere in this

particular context is the Holy Spirit mentioned. However, in the debate between Jesus and the

Pharisees two chapters later, Jesus essentially tells the representatives of that belligerent sect that

He casts out demons by the Spirit of God (Mt. 12:28). Hence, the enablement granted to the

disciples to do the same thing also came from the Holy Spirit of God.

It is also true that this ministry of the Spirit in the Gospels is not exactly the same thing as

universal and permanent indwelling as is the case with later Christians (1 Cor. 6:19-20; Rom.

8:9). Again, the John 14:17 passage with its prediction of the future indwelling of Christians is

near the end of Christ’s ministry while the sending out of the twelve is early. Therefore, one

cannot look at such work of the Spirit in the same vein as later post-Pentecost developments.

Also, in John 20:21-22, Jesus, during a post-resurrection appearance, commissions the disciples

and gives them the Holy Spirit. This appears to be an empowerment that falls short of what

would begin to take place on the day of Pentecost. It is probably best understood as a pre-cursor

to that event and necessary for the disciples during the in-between time from the resurrection of

Christ to Pentecost.

xii

Blum argues that “This reception of the Spirit was in anticipation of the

day of Pentecost and should be understood as a partial limited gift of knowledge, understanding,

and empowerment until Pentecost . . .”

xiii

In any case, the ministry of the Holy Spirit in the

Gospels seems to resemble His work in the Old Testament more than it does later Christian

understanding.

The Personality of the Holy Spirit

The Bible taken as a whole reveals the Holy Spirit to be a person and not simply a force

or power.

xiv

Walvoord makes the general observation that “In the history of the church,

opponents of the personality of the Holy Spirit have found it necessary also to deny the

inspiration and accuracy of the Word of God in order to sustain their teaching.”

However, the

question here is whether the Old Testament understanding by itself is sufficient to arrive at the

personality of the Spirit. Wood’s discussion of the matter alludes to over thirty passages but

only three are Old Testament references.

xvi

Likewise, Walvoord’s presentation highlights the

same lack of Old Testament passages which lend themselves to the discussion of this issue

although he attempts to cite more examples.

xvii

In the final analysis, there does appear to be at least a hint in the Old Testament of the

personality of the Holy Spirit. The Spirit seems to be involved in the use of intellect as implied

by Isaiah 11:2, 30:1, 40:13, and 48:16 which could be categorized as references to the guiding

capabilities of the Holy Spirit with respect to Messiah and others. The Spirit can also be grieved

because of sin according to Isaiah 63:10 (cp. Eph. 4:30) thereby showing emotion. The Spirit’s

will (as well as intellect and emotion) may be implied by his involvement in creation (Gen. 1:2),

the empowering of individuals (Zech. 4:6), the restraining of sin (Gen. 6:3, Is. 59:19), and

participation in judgment (Is. 34:16). It is highly unlikely that these passages could be written

about a mere force. Also, Psalm 51:11 seems to associate the presence of God with the presence

of the Holy Spirit.

xviii

This would argue not only for the personality of the Spirit but for His

deity as well.

Finally, in the Old Testament, the Holy Spirit seems to be sent forth much like the angels

are sent forth (cp. Gen. 19:13, Dan. 8:15ff, 9:21-27; Ps. 104:30). If one understands that angels

are not mere forces, but personalities, it would be difficult to deny the personality of the Spirit of

God as well. Consequently, in spite of the lack of abundant evidence, the Old Testament does

add to one’s understanding of the personality of the Spirit of God.

The Deity of the Spirit and Plurality in God

The deity of the Spirit of God and the conclusion that God is triune rests largely on the

integration of various biblical texts to produce trinitarianism.

xix

In this process, the New

Testament is naturally the most decisive. What, if anything, the Old Testament might tell us is

limited. Erickson notes concerning the Trinity that

We will not even find a full-fledged and explicit doctrine within the New Testament. Given the nature of

progressive revelation, we should not, therefore, expect to find as much in the Old Testament as in the

New. Until the incarnation of the Son and the sending of the Spirit at Pentecost, it would be very difficult

to reveal much about the second and third persons of the Trinity in a fashion that would be comprehensible

to the recipients of that revelation. The help that the Old Testament revelation can be to us is much more

modest than that.

What we will be seeking here are indications, hints, of the understanding of God by the Old

Testament writers that go beyond the mere or normal understanding of God on a monotheistic model. To

put it another way, are there any indications of complexity or the composite character of God in the Old

Testament?

Erickson argues for hints of plurality in God based upon several factors: (1) the Hebrew

concept of extended personality (Judg. 14:6, 19; 15:4; 1 Sam. 10:10), (2) plural references with

respect to God (e.g., Gen. 1:26; 3:22), (3) teachings about the Angel of the LORD (Gen.

31:11-13; Ex. 3:2, 4), and (4) the nature of the unity of God which encompasses diversity (Deut.

6:4).

xxi

Such facts, as he notes, only show that Old Testament language allows for plurality in

God and the deity of the Spirit as the third person of the Godhead. Theologians have also

argued that the deity of the Holy Spirit can be established from Old Testament teaching about the

Spirit's attributes of omnipresence (Ps. 139:7) and omnipotence as shown by involvement in

creation (see below).

New Testament elaboration of Old Testament texts further demonstrates the deity of the

Spirit. In Acts 28:25-28 the text records Paul's use and application of Isaiah 6:9-10 to accent the

unbelief of many Jews who had come to talk to him. In the Isaiah passage, it is clear that

Yahweh (v. 3, 5, 12) or Adonai (v. 1, 8ff) speaks the words of the verses quoted in Acts 28.

However, in the Acts passage the Apostle introduces those words with the phrase "the Holy

Spirit rightly spoke through Isaiah the prophet to your fathers" (NASV). Thus, the deity of the

Spirit is established. Also, in Hebrews 10:15-17 the biblical author quotes the New Covenant

passage in Jeremiah 31:31-34. In Jeremiah it is clearly Yahweh who makes the promises while

in Hebrews 10 the statement is prefaced by the words "and the Holy Spirit bears witness to us"

(NASV). The equation of the Holy Spirit with Yahweh firmly proves the deity of the Holy

Spirit. However, in these two cases cited above, it must be said that the Old Testament text by

itself does not direct us to that result. Rather the integration of Old and New Testament texts

lead us to that theological conclusion.

The Holy Spirit’s Role in Creation and Providence

The Holy Spirit’s role in creation is established in Genesis 1:2 where the Spirit of God is

said to be hovering over the face of the waters. Davis remarks that

The verb of which the Spirit is the subject is an active participle and means, essentially, “hovering over”

(cf. Deut. 32:11). The latter part of verse 2, therefore, describes the Spirit hovering over, protecting, and

participating in the creative activity. The same verb in Deuteronomy 32:11 is used of an eagle hovering

over its young, and this seems to be the imagery suggested in Genesis 1:2.

xxii

Others have been more specific with suggestions about this role such as the idea that the Spirit’s

work here “must have been anticipatory of the creative work that followed, a kind of

impregnation with divine potentialities.”

xxiii

Gromacki argues that the “Spirit of God hovered

over the created matter of the universe like a dove covering her newly laid eggs. He

providentially superintended the waters that surrounded the earth until the triune God finalized

the creative design in six days.”

xxiv

While this is not explicitly stated, it is plausible based upon

the context of the first chapter of Genesis. The statement of the Spirit's work directly precedes

the outline of the six days of creation. This reinforces the notion of the Spirit as agency in the

days of creation.

xxv

No matter what the details, the fact that the Spirit has a role in the Creation

account in Genesis is clearly spelled out. That such is the case should not be surprising since

“the idea of God’s Spirit as the active agency of His power is common in the Pentateuch and the

rest of Scripture.”

xxvi

There are two other passages that may highlight the work of the Spirit in creation

although each is not without questions. Job 33:4 directly states the involvement of the Spirit of

God in the creation of human beings. It is true that the passage gives Elihu’s understanding

which is at times faulty in some areas of thinking as it relates to Job’s suffering. However, on

this particular issue there is no exegetical or theological reason to ignore his statement as

normative for the question of the Spirit’s role in the creation of man.

Isaiah 40:13 states “Who has directed the Spirit of the LORD, Or as His counselor has

informed Him?” (NASV). The following context suggests that only the Lord understands how

to deal with various issues of life like justice and the affairs of the nations. Nothing about

creation is strictly cited. However, the previous context (v. 12) asks some leading questions that

suggest that God is the only One who can measure the waters, mark off the heavens, calculate

the dust, and weigh the mountains. More than providential care may be in view since only a

Creator could do such things. If the Spirit of God is in view, which is likely in light of the next

verse, then the passage can thus be seen to support indirectly the role of the Spirit in creation.

The work of the Spirit of God in the preservation of the created order (a work of

providence) is clearly indicated in one primary passage. Psalm 104:30 notes that “Thou dost

send forth Thy Spirit, they are created; And Thou dost renew the face of the ground” (NASV).

The context refers to the created order, naming animals in particular, and their need to be

preserved and nourished. The ongoing ministry of the Holy Spirit in sustaining life is in this

way highlighted by the Psalmist who “speaks the sober truth of God’s maintenance of all

life.”

xxvii

The Convicting and Restraining Work of the Holy Spirit

The New Testament offers a somewhat clear although sketchy picture of the Spirit’s

work in convicting or convincing the sinner of his sin (John 16:8-11) and restraining evil (2

Thess. 2:6-7).

xxviii

The Old Testament likewise presents a sketchy view of this ministry of the

Holy Spirit. Only one passage speaks to the issue explicitly. In Genesis 6:3, God says “My

Spirit will not always strive with man forever” in the context of His dealings with the wicked

world before the Flood. Most English translations use the word strive (KJV, NASV) or contend

(NIV). Marginal notes in the NASV include rule and abide in while a marginal note in the NIV

renders it remain in. Part of the difficulty comes from the fact that the Hebrew word here only

occurs in this one passage.

xxix

xxx

xxxi

xxxii

xxxiii

The Regeneration of the Spirit

Walter Kaiser noted that "one of the most important, but yet the most notoriously

difficult, aspects of salvation in the Old Testament is to describe the precise work of the Holy

Spirit in the individual's experience of regeneration and sanctification in that testament."

xxxiv

The idea of the Spirit giving new life to the believer is a clear New Testament teaching (Jn.

3:1-7; Tit. 3:5). Neither the word nor the concept is represented plainly in the Old Testament.

Thus, the question can be raised, "Is there a dispensational distinction in the ministry of the Holy

Spirit beginning at Pentecost (Acts 2) with respect to regeneration?"

The answer to this specific query appears to be "no" in this case. Earlier we established

in a cursory way that there is continuity between the Gospels and the Old Testament concerning

the ministry of the Holy Spirit. It is thus relatively easy to argue from the teaching of Jesus to

Nicodemus in John 3 for regeneration in Old Testament saints. In that chapter, Jesus informs

Nicodemus that everyone who wants to enter the kingdom of God must be "born again" (3:3, 7)

or "born of the Spirit" (3:5-6). What strengthens the argument is that Jesus

thought it was altogether reasonable for a person to experience both being born again and the work of

regeneration by the Holy Spirit in the process of experiencing the new birth as judged by the writings of the

Old Testament--especially since the New Testament had not yet been written and Christ had not yet gone to

the cross and been raised from the dead.

xxxv

Jesus forced such a conclusion with his critical question to Nicodemus: "Are you a teacher of

Israel and do not understand these things?" in John 3:10. Consequently, Old Testaments saints

were regenerate.

Regeneration quite naturally leads to a discussion of the extent of divine empowerment

for obedience that was available for Old Testament believers. The active work of the Holy

Spirit during Old Testament times included instruction or teaching (Neh. 9:20) and the many

other works of the Spirit cited in the earlier survey on Old Testament teaching. Many of those

passages highlight the nature of individual change that is produced by the work of the Spirit

(e.g., 1 Sam. 10:6).

xxxvi

However, it is not at all clear that such experiences were either

permanent or universal for all believers during Old Testament days. One cannot argue

theologically from the New Testament experience of believers back into the Old without

justification. The Old Testament promise of the New Covenant (to be discussed below) with its

provision of empowerment for obedience was a promise of universal fulfillment for the future.

This automatically entails an understanding of a more limited vision of the Spirit's work in

sanctification during the Old Testament days as the saints anticipated the Spirit's great future

work.

xxxvii

It also raises some questions about the Spirit's indwelling of Old Testament saints.

The Indwelling of the Spirit

The indwelling of the Spirit refers to the continued residence of the Spirit within the

believer following regeneration and conversion.

xxxviii

There are naturally two major views

concerning the indwelling of Old Testament saints by the Holy Spirit: (1) they are indwelt by

the Spirit in continuity with Church Age saints, or (2) they are not indwelt by the Spirit in

discontinuity with Church Age saints.

xxxix

Each position has strong adherents with traditional

dispensationalists often championing the second view and arguing for the uniqueness of the

experience of New Testament believers.

The position that Old Testament believers were indwelt by the Spirit just like Church Age

believers is usually based upon three arguments. First, the passages that speak of the Spirit

coming upon and leaving individuals like Saul (1 Sam. 16:14) and Samson (Judg. 14) refer to the

ministry of the Spirit's empowerment for certain tasks. They should not be taken to mean

anything with respect to the ministry of the Spirit's presence with respect to the individual's

salvation. Daniel Block notes

These passages provide the primary basis for the common misperception that in ancient Israel that the Holy

Spirit typically came upon persons, whereas in the New Testament he indwells believers. However, these

cases must be seen as exceptional rather than typical or normative, even for the Old Testament, for several

reasons. First, in each case the person upon whom the Spirit comes has been singled out to liberate an

oppressed people. Second, in each case the Spirit's activity was driven by a concern for the national good,

not primarily an individual's relationship with God. Third, in most cases the person chosen was an

unlikely candidate for divine employment. Fourth, when the Spirit of Yahweh empowers these men their

authority is immediately recognized, as evidenced by the way in which the Israelite forces rally behind

them. We may conclude, therefore that the rûah functions as the agency / agent through which Yahweh

arrests otherwise unqualified and resistant individuals and thrusts them out into his service.

Wood concurs that such passages, in and of themselves, cannot lead to a denying of indwelling

for Old Testament saints.

xli

To argue that way would be to mix apples and oranges.

The second argument by those who see indwelling for Old Testament believers is a

theological deduction from regeneration. Since the giving of life is performed by the Spirit,

then the Spirit's presence seems to be a necessary condition for its ongoing reality. It is a small

step then to believe in the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit for Old Testament saints. A

third argument is related. It is the theological deduction from the necessity of the sealing

ministry of the Spirit to guarantee the salvation of the Old Testament saint and the necessity of

the indwelling Spirit to guarantee the perseverance of the Old Testament believer. Wood

combines these theological arguments in the following way:

On the other hand, a strong argument that Old Testament saints were indwelt may be built on the fact that

they were regenerated . . . since they were regenerated, it must have been the Holy Spirit who brought this

about. Now it may be argued that, since these Old Testament saints certainly remained in a regenerated

condition, it must have been the Holy Spirit who kept them so. The New Testament is clear that the

Christian is incapable of keeping himself, any more than he is capable of saving himself . . . One must ask,

then, Did the Old Testament saint possess an ability for perseverance not known to the New Testament

saint? The answer is clear: They did not possess such an ability and were not able to keep themselves.

But, if not, they must have been kept by God, and this means, surely, the Spirit of God.

xlii

Of course, the counter-argument could be made that the divine Spirit is powerful enough to do

such things without necessarily indwelling the believer. Wood would answer that the only

example of how it is done is the indwelling of the Spirit found in the New Testament (Church

Age). Therefore, it is reasonable to believe the same for Old Testament saints.

xliii

Thus, the

argument assumes a kind of unity between the Testaments.

On the other side are those who believe that Old Testament saints were not universally

and permanently indwelt by the Holy Spirit. They argue, first of all, that the argument from the

distinction between the coming and going of the Spirit upon individuals in the Old Testament in

contrast to the post-Pentecost New Testament indwelling cannot be so easily dismissed as the

confusing of apples and oranges. The continuity of the Gospels with the Old Testament in the

area of the ministry of the Spirit was established earlier. Its significance for this question is that

passages such as John 14:17 show that the New Testament makes the exact distinction that those

who want to accept Old Testament indwelling refuse to accept. The Gospels speak of the Spirit

coming upon Christ and through Him to the disciples in the same way that He operated in the

Old Testament. The Spirit was "with them" but would be "in them," an indwelling to begin later

at Pentecost.

In addition, the promise of a New Covenant given in the Old Testament highlights the

distinction between the Old Testament experience of the Spirit's presence and that of New

Testament saints. The Church in some way experiences the blessings of the New Covenant (1

Cor. 11:25). The content of the New Covenant will be discussed below, but for now, it

significance lies in the empowerment for obedience that is promised to those receiving the

blessings of that covenant (see Jer. 31:33-34; Ez. 36:26-27). It must be noted that this was a

prediction in those Old Testament passages with respect to the nation of Israel. If the universal

and permanent indwelling of the Spirit were true of Old Testament saints, then the promise of the

covenant for future fulfillment would not be much of a promise since all Old Testament saints

would already possess what was promised.

Finally, those who do not see Old Testament indwelling would point to biblical examples

that show the ability of spirit beings to affect humans to great extents without indwelling them.

Thus, it would not be necessary to argue for the indwelling of the Spirit in order to produce

regeneration, sealing, and perseverance. One such example is Satan's influence on Job (Job

1-2). Another example is Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5). Satan, the unholy spirit, leads them

into lying disobedience. There is no mention in the passage that he entered them in any way.

If this is so for Satan, how much more will the divine Spirit be able to produce the desired effects

in individual believers without indwelling. In light of this and the preceding arguments, it

seems best to reject the belief that the Holy Spirit indwelt Old Testament believers.

One extremely significant passage in this debate is Psalm 51:10-13.

xliv

David prays in

verse 11 "Do not cast me away from Thy presence, And do not take Thy Holy Spirit from me."

What does he mean by the prayer? Kaiser rejects the notion that David is simply asking not to

lose the gift of government given to him at his anointing from the Holy Spirit (1 Sam.

16:13-14).

xlv

Instead, he sees the prior context (v. 10) with its focus on the renewed heart as

informing the prayer with a practical individual bent rather than a kingly thrust. However, there

may be no need to divorce those two ideas. Saul had lost his kingdom due to a heart that turned

away from God. Consequently, David senses the need to restore his fellowship with God but

also may see his need to keep his kingdom.

xlvi

If this is so, David's focus on the kingdom does

not cheapen the heart-felt individual longing to make things right with God. What does all of

this have to do with indwelling? David's experience is typical of Old Testament pneumatology.

The Spirit comes upon individuals and leaves them, sometimes due to their sin. David's prayer

taken that way is consistent with the whole tenor of the Old Testament record. It is also quite

different from the New Testament experience of permanent indwelling even for carnal Christians

(1 Cor. 6:18-20). Therefore, this example from the sweet Psalmist of Israel shows that Old

Testament saints were not permanently indwelt by the Spirit of God.

The Baptism of the Spirit

Did the Holy Spirit have a baptizing ministry in the Old Testament? Were Old

Testament saints baptized by the Holy Spirit, and if so, what did that mean in Old Testament

days? These questions may be among the easiest to answer in Old Testament pneumatology

although there has been disagreement on the topic.

First, it is plain that the baptism of the Spirit is something new beginning in Acts 2. The

baptism of the Spirit is predicted in Matt. 3:11 by John the Baptist and by Jesus in Acts 1:5.

That the baptizing ministry of the Spirit started in Acts 2 is clearly stated by Peter in Acts

11:15-16. These facts are sufficient to suggest that the baptizing ministry did not exist prior to

Pentecost and therefore did not happen in the Old Testament.

Second, the Pauline definition of the baptism of the Spirit relates to Paul's understanding

of the universal body of Christ which he calls the church (1 Cor. 12:13, Eph. 1:22). Paul told

the Corinthians that every believer is baptized into one body (the church) by the Spirit. What

does that mean? It means that every believer, the moment he or she is saved, is identified and

united with Christ and every other believer. The body metaphor that Paul uses highlights the

unity of all believers under the headship of Christ as they minister to each other and the world

with the divinely sanctioned gifts of the Spirit (1 Cor. 12, Eph. 4, Rom. 12).

What is the significance of this for Old Testament understanding? Paul understands the

church to be something new on the day of Pentecost. It is the unique putting together of Jew

and Gentile into one new man (Eph. 2). It is the mystery unrevealed in the Old Testament but

now made known (Eph. 3). It is a clear dispensational distinction separating the work of the

Spirit in the Old from that in the New.

Spiritual Gifts

The Spirit’s work in empowering Old Testament saints to do certain tasks appears on the

surface to be similar to the New Testament concept of spiritual gifts. Certainly there are some

differences in the scriptural presentation of such ministry. The Hebrew words for grace and gift

in the Old Testament text are normally not used to describe the enablement of individuals for

certain tasks. The Greek word charisma, which usually means “grace gift” in the New

Testament, is almost a synonym for grace or mercy in the Old Testament.

xlvii

It is never used in

connection with the empowering of the Spirit in the LXX.

xlviii

In addition, the Pauline concept

of spiritual gifts is always tied to the “body of Christ” metaphor for the Church (Rom. 12, Eph. 4,

1 Cor. 12).

xlix

Such a concept is foreign to the Old Testament. The uniqueness and newness of

the Church apparently casts the gifting work of the Spirit in a different light.

However, there are at least three threads of similarity with the New Testament that can be

traced with respect to the Old Testament concept of what might be called the giving of gifts.

First, Old Testament people are sometimes referred to as gifts given by God (Num. 8:19; 18:6).

In the Numbers passages, God declares the Levites to be a gift to Aaron and his sons for the

purpose of serving as priests to the nation. However, nothing is said about how God has gifted

them as individuals. The Holy Spirit is not mentioned. They are merely separated unto the

task of priestly service. However, the idea of people as gifts is used by Paul in his teaching

about spiritual gifts in Eph. 4:8 where he quotes from Psalm 68:18, "When he ascended on high,

he led captive a host of captives, and he gave gifts to men" (NASV). In the context of

Ephesians, the Holy Spirit, the body of Christ (Church), and the giving of grace to individuals

are all in view (4:1-7). Paul's analogous application of the Psalm passage lists the men given as

gifts to be apostles, prophets, evangelists, and pastor-teachers (4:11). None of these are

specifically in view in the Old Testament passage. Paul's appropriation of the idea, however,

shows there is a similarity in the Spirit's work in relation to the giving of men as gifts to the

people of God.

Second, there are several Old Testament examples of God's Spirit coming upon Old

Testament saints to empower them to carry out specific tasks.

For example, the Holy Spirit is

said to come upon various men in the book of Judges such as Othniel (3:10), Gideon (6:34),

Jephthah (11:29), Samson (13:25; 14:6, 19; 15:14). The Spirit apparently endows each leader

with abilities to lead the tribes against various oppressors like the Midianites and Philistines.

For each man, the particular empowerment of the Spirit, while involving leadership, may be

somewhat different. In the case of Othniel and Jephthah, the references are general with no

specifics cited. In Gideon's life the Spirit may have given courage that went beyond his normal

human ability. The Samson account yields the most detail as the Spirit comes upon him to give

him supernatural physical strength. At least in Samson's case, this is not a permanent ongoing

ability but one that comes and goes. Eventually, it is taken away by God due to Samson's

wickedness.

Likewise, the Spirit of God comes upon certain men to grant extra insight and ability in

the area of building. In Exodus 31:3-6 Bezalel and others were filled with the Spirit of God for

the purpose of possessing wisdom, knowledge, and skill in craftsmanship as the Tabernacle, its

furniture, garments, and utensils were to be made.

lii

Here the Spirit energizes natural skills with

a specific event as the focus rather than ongoing living.

In addition, the Spirit of God is said to come upon men who have an administrative or

kingly function to assist them in that function. Examples would be the leadership of Moses

(Num. 11:17; Isa. 63:10-12) and Joshua (Num. 27:18; Deut. 34:9) as well as the reigns of King

David (1 Sam. 16:13) and King Saul (1 Sam. 10:6, 10; 11:16; 16:14).

liii

In these cases the

ministry of the Spirit appears to be an ongoing day by day enablement for each individual's

purpose in God's plan. In this it may differ from the example of the Judges. However, the

example of Saul's declension and loss of the Spirit in this capacity shows the potentially

temporary nature of this work of the Spirit (1 Sam. 16:14). While the empowerment shown is

similar to later Church operations, the permanence of the Spirit's presence in the latter case

contrasts with this Old Testament example (see discussion above concerning the indwelling of

the Spirit).

Another area in which the Spirit comes upon certain men in the Old Testament is

prophecy. The Holy Spirit comes upon several named individuals such as Azariah (2 Chron.

15:1-7), Jahaziel (2 Chron. 20:1-23), Zechariah (2 Chron. 24:20), and Amassai (1 Chron. 12:18)

to produce prophetic utterances. Even the false prophet Balaam, in a unique situation,

experienced the coming of the Holy Spirit to give a prophetic message through him (Deut. 23:4).

In all of these instances, it appears that the Holy Spirit comes upon or fills the person temporarily

for the sake of giving the prophecy.

However, Wood argues that other examples show the Spirit's work in the prophet in a

more continuous way. He mentions teachings from the three books of Micah, Nehemiah, and

Ezekiel.

liv

Micah declares that he is "filled with power--with the Spirit of the Lord" for the

purpose of preaching the truth to Israel about its sin (Micah 3:8). This contrasts in the context

with the situation of the false prophets who were leading the nation astray (3:1-7). In Nehemiah

9:30, the Levites reminded the congregation of Israel that in Moses' day God gave His "good

Spirit to instruct them."

In Ezekiel 11:5-12, the Spirit of the Lord falls upon the prophet to

produce a prophetic utterance. In Ezekiel 2:2, the Spirit had certainly entered into the prophet

as kind of an introduction to this prophetic ministry recorded in the rest of the book. In all of

these examples, Wood concludes, the language supports a more continuous filling or

empowerment of the men involved in comparison to the earlier examples of prophets,

administrators, craftsmen, and judges.

However, the language may be inconclusive, but some important questions are raised by

these observations. In Old Testament cases where the Spirit comes upon prophets to grant an

utterance of some kind, there appears to be a similarity to the New Testament spiritual gift of

prophecy. In fact, the New Testament gift appears to be no different than that in the Old

Testament. God usually gives the individual a message to speak. Only the context of the

Church as opposed to Israel and the nations is new. To say otherwise implies that the narrative

of the book of Acts, with its review of many prophets from the Old Testament (e.g., Acts 3:25;

7:37; 11:27) and its own first century prophets (e.g., Acts 11:27), would present perhaps a

different view of the prophets than that found in the epistles that were written throughout the

history of Acts itself.

lvi

A further issue is the terminology of the filling of the Spirit that is used in many of the

examples cited in the above discussion (see especially Micah 3:8 and Exodus 31:3, 35:31). It is

difficult, however, to force a similarity across the board to New Testament concepts. Some uses

of the idea in the New Testament imply the control of the believer by the Holy Spirit without any

mention of miraculous events or spiritual gifts (see Eph. 5:18-21).

A third area that highlights possible Old and New Testament similarities involving the

Spirit's role in spiritual gifts is the mention of signs and wonders. The concept of signs and

wonders occurs evenly between the Old and New Testaments.

lvii

In Exodus 7:3, God

performs the signs and wonders during the confrontation between Moses and Pharaoh. Several

passages from Deuteronomy remember those same miraculous signs (Deut. 4:34, 6:22, 26:8,

29:3, 34:11). Nehemiah 9:10 also refers to the Exodus miracles in this way as does Psalm 135:9

and Jeremiah 32:20.

lviii

The pagan Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar viewed God's

supernatural working in his life as signs and wonders (Dan. 4:2). Darius the Persian king

likewise acknowledged the signs and wonders done by God when Daniel was spared from the

lions (Dan. 6:27).

What is characteristically true about all of these Old Testament passages is the absence of

any mention of the Spirit of God. It is God doing the signs and wonders by His power. Thus,

the Old Testament emphasis is distinguished from the New Testament focus on the Spirit's

association with the granting of signs and wonders. For example, many New Testament

references to the signs and wonders refer to the apostles as the doers of such signs (Acts 5:12,

14:3, 15:12, 2 Cor. 12:12). Other passages affirm that such actions by the apostles were due to

the empowering of the Holy Spirit (Rom. 15:18, Heb. 2:4). The Hebrews 2:4 passage is

especially instructive since it not only ties the miracles done by the apostles to the Holy Spirit

but refers to the "distribution by the Spirit" or, in other words, the giving of miraculous gifts.

This key concept appears especially in 1 Corinthians 12:7, "But to each one is given the

manifestation of the Spirit for the common good," and 12:11, "But one and the same Spirit works

all these things, distributing to each one individually just as He wills."

New Covenant

Several Old Testament passages reveal the promise and prediction by God of a New

Covenant with Israel that would be instituted one day. It would replace the Old Covenant, that

is, the Mosaic Covenant, made with Israel at Sinai. The major biblical passages giving these

promises from God are Jeremiah 31:31-34, Ezekiel 36:26-38, Joel 2:28-32, and Isaiah 32:15,

44:3, 59:19-21). There are several threads to the overall covenantal promise. Not every

passage possesses all of them. However, the following points emerge as the thrust of the New

Covenant as given in these promises:

1. God will give a new heart, new spirit, or law on the heart.

2. God will be God in the life of Israel and Judah.

3. There will be personal knowledge of God.

4. There will be forgiveness and cleansing from sin.

5. There will be a universal pouring out of the Spirit to provide enablement for obedience.

The main point of the covenant appears to be the last one mentioned above, the pouring out of

the Spirit for divine enablement of individual saints in the nation. In most of these texts, the

nation is presupposed as in the land. Ezekiel, the exilic prophet, intensely describes the effects

of this covenant on the land itself (36:33-38). The Ezekiel passage in context highlights the

time frame as it relates to a future regathering of the nation (Ez. 37) and future kingdom temple

with its associated organization of the nation (Ez. 40-48). In other words, the time of

fulfillment, based upon Old Testament texts is the coming messianic earthly kingdom. That

means from a New Testament perspective, Israel will begin to receive the fulfillment of these

promises at the Second Coming of Christ.

Based on the Old Testament texts alone, it is clear that the basis of the New Covenant is

God’s own holiness expressed as His desire to demonstrate His faithfulness to His Word (Ez.

36:22-23), particularly His earlier promises (e.g., Abrahamic Covenant, Gen. 12:1-3). The New

Covenant is in no way a reward to Israel for its obedience but becomes the means whereby God

graciously empowers the individual saint as he lives in the nation. Consequently, although

regeneration is implied in the fulfillment of the covenant, the chief thrust is sanctification for the

believing nation in the messianic kingdom.

Dispensational interpreters are fairly united in their understanding of the New Covenant

based upon the Old Testament text alone. However, when the Old Testament teaching is

integrated with New Testament passages, there has been a great deal of divergence among

dispensationalists.

lix

It is beyond the scope of this article to address in detail the various views

of New Testament fulfillment of the New Covenant promises. However, it is important at this

juncture to recognize the significance of maintaining the literal interpretation of the Old

Testament while synthesizing it with New Testament allusions to the New Covenant. In

particular, the relationship of the Church to the New Covenant should not be used to unravel any

of the specific promises of the Old Testament to Israel. In other words, dispensationalists have

been careful not to allow any replacement of Israel by the Church although the Church in some

way can enjoy the benefits of the Old Testament promises to the nation.

One particular discussion that illustrates this concern involves the interpretation of

Peter’s quotation of Joel 2:28-32 in Acts 2:16-21. Peter refers to the pouring out of the Holy

Spirit in the Joel passage as proof that what was happening on the day of Pentecost was not

drunkenness, but a work of God. To what extent, however, is the Joel passage actually fulfilled

in Acts 2? Furthermore, how is Joel using fulfillment terminology when he prefaces the

quotation with the words “this is that?” A wooden literalism might suggest absolute and direct

fulfillment. However, many dispensationalists have argued for analogous fulfillment in which

Peter is saying that the occurrence in the Acts passage suggests an analogy to the Joel

prediction.

Such dispensationalists would point to the details of the Old Testament text such as

the time frame of the day of the Lord (Joel 2:31) to show that Acts 2 does not give direct

fulfillment of the prophecy. Other concerns based upon the Old Testament text would be the

fulfillment of cosmic signs, the context of the restoration of the nation of Israel (Joel 3:1-2), and

the universal pouring out of the Spirit, none of which were fulfilled in the Acts 2 context.

Consequently, fulfillment in the “last days,” that is, in the days related to the coming tribulation

period and ensuing kingdom would likely be in view. To be sure, not all dispensationalists have

argued in this way.

lxi

However, dispensationalists, due to their commitment to literal

interpretation of the Old Testament, have been careful to prevent the diminishing of the future

fulfillment of the New Covenant promises for a national, ethnic Israel.

The Holy Spirit as Author of the Old Testament

The Holy Spirit is the divine Author of the Old Testament. Two lines of evidence point

to this close relationship between the divine Spirit and the written Word. First, the New

Testament biblical authors understood the Holy Spirit to be the divine Author behind the human

authors of Old Testament passages. Several examples can be cited. In Acts 1:16-20, Peter

rises to discuss a replacement for Judas. In doing so Luke, the author of the Book of Acts,

prefaces Peter's use of Psalms 69:25 and 109:8 in verse 20 with the words "Brethren, the

Scripture had to be fulfilled, which the Holy Spirit foretold by the mouth of David concerning

Judas" (v. 16). Thus, the individual authorship of David is affirmed for those two Psalms but

the Holy Spirit's influence upon David is also acknowledged. The reference in verse 20 to the

entire book of Psalms may hint at the writer's understanding of the whole collection of Psalms

and not just the two used in this example.

The writer to the Hebrews refers to the Holy Spirit's authorship of Old Testament

passages more than any other New Testament writer (3:7, 9:8, 10:15). In 3:7-11, he quotes from

Psalm 95:7-11 while stating that these verses were said by the Holy Spirit. In 9:8 there is no

specific quotation but a general reference to the establishing of the Tabernacle regulations in

Moses' day (v. 1-7). Such regulations were a way that the Holy Spirit was showing or

signifying that individual believers could not yet approach God directly as they can after Jesus

had come.

lxii

In 10:16-17 the writer quotes from parts of the New Covenant passage Jeremiah

31:31-34. These Old Testament verses are sayings of the Holy Spirit as He testifies to the

reader (v. 15). In light of these examples, the writer to the Hebrews teaches that the Holy Spirit

authors each of the main parts of the Old Testament: the Law (Pentateuch), the Psalms, and the

Prophets. It would be hard to limit the intention of New Testament authors to just those

passages cited. Instead, they viewed Holy Spirit authorship in the broad sense and applied it

directly to the passages that were used.

A second line of evidence pursues the question, “What about the Old Testament's

self-understanding in this matter?” Although the Old Testament does not often speak

specifically of the Holy Spirit’s role in its own deliverance, there is reason to believe that such

was the belief among the Old Testament saints. For example, in 2 Samuel 23:1-2 David’s last

words indicate in the context of his writing the Psalms that “The Spirit of the LORD spoke by

me, and His word was on my tongue.” God’s words were thus associated with the work of the

Spirit at least for the Davidic psalms. One would be hard pressed to limit the conclusion to just

those particular psalms. The entire tenor of the Old Testament shows the close correlation

between the prophets and the word of God. In some instances, the prophet speaks as the Holy

Spirit comes upon him (e.g., Num. 11:25, 1 Sam. 10:10). It is perfectly reasonable in light of

this dynamic to view the word of the Lord written down (oftentimes coming through prophets) as

produced by the work of the Holy Spirit using human instruments. Although the exact nature of

this superintending work by the Spirit is not laid out for the reader, the original Old Testament

readers would have understood this role of the Spirit as the New Testament later clarifies (2 Pet.

1:19-21).

Conclusion

The previous survey of Old Testament information on the Holy Spirit plus the discussion

of theological issues above leads one to the conclusion that the Old Testament has much to say

about God's Spirit. Certainly in many respects such as the Spirit's involvement in creation, the

restraining of evil, and providential care, the data is somewhat sketchy. Not all of the individual

books in the Old Testament refer to the Spirit. Some books seem to mention the Spirit only

incidentally. The doctrine of the Trinity is not explicitly expounded although the language

allows for the Spirit of God as the third person of the Trinity.

However, in spite of these limitations, the snapshot of the Spirit given in the Old

Testament does yield enough information to portray a divine personality (not a force) who is

actively involved in the affairs of the world and of men (both believers and unbelievers).

Continuity with the Gospels of the New Testament aids in understanding that Old Testament

saints were regenerated just like Church Age saints and that the Spirit empowered men and

women for various tasks. Discontinuity between the Spirit's labor in the Old Testament and His

ministry in the Church Age can be seen in the much debated absence in the Old Testament of the

universal indwelling of the Spirit as argued for above. In addition, the baptism of the Spirit does

not exist in the Old Testament, is predicted in the Gospels, but does not begin until Pentecost.

The ministry of the Spirit in providing divine enablement under the New Covenant is anticipated

in the Old, reflected in the Church's participation in its blessings today, and fulfilled for Israel in

the coming messianic kingdom.

Perhaps the most important factor governing discussions about the Holy Spirit in the Old

Testament is the need to let the Old Testament text speak on its own. One implication is that

literal interpretation (grammatical-historical) should be the approach to the reading of the sacred

words. While integration with the New Testament is necessary and enlightening, its instruction

cannot veto any clear teaching of the Old Testament, a text given to us by the divine Spirit

Himself.

F. A. Gosling, "An Unresolved Problem of Old Testament Theology," The Expository Times 106 (May

1995): 234-37. Gosling reacts specifically to the charge that there are no insights about the Holy Spirit in the Old

Testament. Although some exegetical and theological conclusions may be problematic, Gosling's method of

beginning with the Old Testament text on its own terms is correct. In this article, I have tried to do the same

although integration with New Testament truth cannot be dismissed entirely.

Paul N. Benware, "The Work of the Holy Spirit Today" in The Fundamentals for the Twenty-First

Century: Examining the Crucial Issues of the Christian Faith edited by Mal Couch, (Grand Rapids: Kregel,

2000), 312-13.

iii

This survey cannot delve into the exegetical details of each and every mention of the Spirit of God in the

Old Testament. However, it can provide the basis for the theological synthesis that will be furnished in a later

section of this article. The presentation of this article will be from the dispensational point of view.

Charles Ryrie adds Job 26:13 to the list of passages where ruah refers to the Spirit of God (The Holy

Spirit [Chicago: Moody Press, 1965], 31).

The NIV translation asks the question "is the Spirit of the LORD angry?" while the NASB translation

queries "is the Spirit of the LORD impatient?"

John A. Martin, "Isaiah" in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament Edition, (Wheaton, IL:

Victor Books, 1985), 1056. It is common in dispensational interpretation to see the three doublets in Isaiah 11:2 as

relating to the Holy Spirit and to compare this passage with the seven spirits in Revelation 1:4. However, it is not at

all clear that the Revelation passage has the Spirit in mind. In Isaiah 11, the Spirit is nonetheless expressly

mentioned in a kind of introductory way to the doublets.

vii

The identification of the speaker in Isa. 48:16b has been highly debated. Martin lists Cyrus, Israel, and

the Messiah as other options and prefers to see Messiah speaking the words ("Isaiah," 1102).

viii

The first chapter of Ezekiel also has the enigmatic description of four living beings or creatures carrying

the throne of God. Throughout the chapter their movement is governed by the direction of the "spirit." It is

unclear if this is the Holy Spirit. The reference in 1:21 to the "spirit" of the living beings makes this a problematic

identification.

The New International Version translates the word as “a spirit” while giving “the Spirit” as a footnote

alternative.

Craig Blaising notes that 2:15 is the most difficult verse to translate in the entire book of Malachi

(“Malachi” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament Edition [Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985],

1581). Joyce Baldwin comments that “it is impossible to make sense of the Hebrew as it stands, and therefore each

translation, including the early versions, contains an element of interpretation” (Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi: An

Introduction & Commentary, Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries, gen. ed., D. J. Wiseman, [Downers Grove, IL:

InterVarsity Press, 1972], 240. The issues appear to be the referent of “one,” the translation of “flesh or remnant,”

and the idea of “life” or “spirit” (human, national, or divine).

Walter C. Kaiser, Jr., Malachi: God’s Unchanging Love (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1984), 72-73.

Kaiser only summarizes this view and does not hold to it himself.

xii

The text of John 20:19-23 actually relates the event to the relationship between the disciples and the

forgiveness of sin for others. In this way, it certainly anticipates the ministry of the apostles in unlocking the

kingdom for many to come in (see Matt. 16:19; 18:18 and the early chapters of the book of Acts).

xiii

Edwin A. Blum, “John” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament Edition, (Wheaton, IL:

Victor Books, 1983), 343.

xiv

The theological discussion of the personality of the Holy Spirit usually presupposes the Greek notion of

personality as that which possesses mind, will, and emotion.

John F. Walvoord, The Holy Spirit (Wheaton, IL: Van Kampen Press, 1954; reprint ed., Grand Rapids:

Zondervan, 1978), 5-7.

xvi

Leon J. Wood, The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 15.

xvii

Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 6.

xviii

Charles Ryrie notes that this mention of the Spirit of God means that Spirit can be “reverenced.” See

Holy Spirit, 13.

xix

The doctrine of the eternal procession of the Spirit of God can not really be gleaned from the Old

Testament text. However, Walvoord points to two aspects of Old Testament teaching that lead in that direction.

First, he cites Psalm 104:30 where the Spirit is sent forth by God. Second, he seems to suggest that the phrase

"Spirit of God" points to the procession idea by its very nature. See Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 14. Contrary to

the first case, the sending forth of the Spirit is a sending into the world for the purpose of preservation under the

providence of God. It does not refer to the eternal workings within the triune Godhead. In the second case, the

wording does not automatically convey God the Father as the source of the Spirit as in "Spirit out from God." The

language is at best inconclusive. Consequently, the doctrine of the procession of the Spirit is not an Old Testament

doctrine.

Millard Erickson, God in Three Persons: A Contemporary Interpretation of the Trinity (Grand

Rapids: Baker, 1995), 159.

xxi

Ibid., 159-74.

xxii

John J. Davis, Paradise to Prison (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1975), 47.

xxiii

H. C. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis, Vol. I (Grand Rapids: Baker, 50). A similar idea of the Spirit

giving life to the unformed earth described in verse two is cited by Lewis Sperry Chafer who uses the metaphor of

incubation to describe this ministry of the Spirit (Systematic Theology, Vol. 6 [Dallas, Texas: Dallas Seminary

Press, 1948], 27).

xxiv

Robert Gromacki, The Holy Spirit (Nashville: Word, 1999), 64.

xxv

Leon Wood, Holy Spirit in the OT, 30.

xxvi

John Sailhamer, Genesis Unbound (Sisters, Oregon: Multnomah Books, 1996), 112.

xxvii

Derek Kidner, Psalms 73-150: A Commentary (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1975), 372.

xxviii

For a standard dispensational way of understanding the “restrainer” in 2 Thess. 2:6-7, see J. Dwight

Pentecost, Things to Come (Dunham Publishing Co., 1958; reprint ed., Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1974), 259-63..

xxix

See Henry Morris, The Genesis Record (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1976), 170-71. The fact that the

Hebrew verb for strive

xxx

Walvoord, The Holy Spirit, 114-15.

xxxi

Ibid., 114.

xxxii

Ibid., 115.

xxxiii

Related to the convicting and restraining work of the Spirit is the doctrine of illumination. Some

theologians discuss this topic in relation to the understandability of the Bible. The reason for this is the belief that

the Spirit aids the believer in understanding the biblical text as he reads it. Appeals are mostly made to New

Testament passages like 1 Corinthians 2:14. The issue is not a simple one. Other theologians appeal to the

broader usage of illumination terminology to discuss the work of the Spirit in helping unbelievers to see the truth of

their sin and turn to Christ. In the Old Testament, there are numerous passages that allude to various kinds of

enlightenment performed by God. Even the idea of God's help in understanding the Bible may be alluded to in

passages like Psalm 119:12, 18. However, any illumination ideas are not tied to the Spirit of God in the Old

Testament. The similarity of such ideas with the convicting and restraining work of the Spirit provide a possible

theological tie that must be discussed. However, illumination is not an explicit Old Testament teaching and the

theological connection is not easily made.

xxxiv

Walter Kaiser, Jr., "The Holy Spirit in the Old Testament" in Pentecostalism in Context: Essays in

Honor of William W. Menzies edited by Wonsuk Ma and Robert P. Menzies, (Sheffield, England: Sheffield

Academic Press, 1997), 38.

xxxv

Ibid., 38-39.

xxxvi

Ibid., 44.

xxxvii

This conclusion does not necessarily imply a rejection of the Spirit's aid in sanctification for Old

Testament saints. The text is just not concerned to yield details on this point. It should also not be taken to mean

that the experience of the Church directly fulfills the New Covenant promises to Israel. The future fulfillment of

the Old Testament promises of the New Covenant for Israel awaits the Second Coming of Christ. See below.

xxxviii

Wood, Holy Spirit in the OT, 69.

xxxix

Often in such discussions, the dichotomy in views is expressed as Old versus New Testament. This is

technically imprecise. I have argued above that there is a continuity with the Gospels which the Old Testament

possesses which is not true for the post-Pentecost experience of the Church Age.

Daniel Block, "Empowered by the Spirit of God: The Holy Spirit in the Histographic Writings of the

Old Testament," Southern Baptist Journal of Theology 1 (Spring 1997): 45.

xli

Wood, Holy Spirit in the OT, 69.

xlii

Ibid., 70. Wood seems to be focusing on the eternal security aspect of perseverance and not necessarily

the automatic ongoing development of practical holiness.

xliii

Ibid.

xliv

John Goldingay refers to this passage in the debate in connection with the problem of reading later

Christian conceptions back into the Old Testament. However, he goes on to say, "But at some stage we may rightly

consider statements in the OT in terms of Christian theological categories as part of seeking a theological

understanding which will enable us to interpret God's activity in the world and the church today" ("Was the Holy

Spirit Active in the Old Testament," Ex Auditu 12 [1996]: 17).

xlv

Kaiser, "Holy Spirit in the Old Testament," 40.

xlvi

Allen Ross, "Psalms" in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament Edition, (Wheaton, IL:

Victor Books, 1985), 832-33.

xlvii

H.-H. Esser, “Grace, Spiritual Gifts” in The New International Dictionary of New Testament

Theology, Vol. 2, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 115-24.

xlviii

Ibid., 115. For example, in Psalm 30:21 the word “hesed” ( ) is translated by the word in

Theodotion but by in the LXX.

xlix

Almost all New Testament uses of charisma and pneumatikos for spiritual gifts are Pauline with the

exception of Peter’s use of them in 1 Pet. 4:10 and 1 Pet. 2:5 respectively. Peter does not invoke the body metaphor

for the church in conjunction with these presentations, but his teaching is consistent with Paul’s model.

Ross, "Psalms," 843. Ross concurs that Paul's use is analogous. Furthermore, he points out that Paul

borrows the imagery of the Psalm indirectly through the Jewish Targums rather than quoting the Old Testament

directly.

One of the best surveys relative to the work of the Spirit in these kinds of ways can be found in Leon

Wood, Holy Spirit in the OT, 53-63.

lii

Leon Wood includes in this category the Spirit's empowerment of David (1 Chron. 28:11, 12) and Hiram

(1 Kings 7:13, 14; 2 Chron. 2:7, 13, 14) for the building of the Temple (Holy Spirit in the OT, 55-56). However,

there is nothing clearly spelled out in these texts to differentiate the working of the Spirit from basic natural skills.

It is possible that the Holy Spirit did empower these men with respect to the Temple, but we simply do not know

that from these particular texts. These passages do not discuss the events in pneumatological terms.

liii

Again, depending upon how one understands the pagan perspective of Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel could be

added as an example of the Spirit coming upon or indwelling an individual for the purpose of assisting him in

administrative duties. See Daniel 5:11ff for a specific example. It must be understood that in such passages the

Spirit does more than just reveal things to Daniel prophetically but that the pagan rulers seemed to understand an

ongoing presence of a spirit with the individual.

liv

Wood, Holy Spirit in the OT, 58-59.

There seems to be a parallel between the context of Nehemiah 9:20 and the context of Nehemiah 9:14

which assures the conclusion that the passage is talking about the Spirit being given to Moses for the benefit of the

people.

lvi

This understanding of the issue is different than that advanced by Wayne Grudem in several writings

including Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994),

1049-61. He argues that the New Testament counterpart to Old Testaments prophets were the apostles and not New

Testament prophets. Compare Richard B. Gaffin, Perspectives on Pentecost: Studies in New Testament

Teaching on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, (Phillipsburg, N.J.: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1979). It is beyond the

scope of this article to address the precise nature of the gift of prophecy. Our concern here is the relationship of the

Holy Spirit to it. It is not obvious that the Spirit's role is necessarily governed by the nature of the gift itself. In the

case of the specific spiritual gift of prophecy, it is possible that there exists in the New Testament record more than

one meaning of the term. The context of prophecy in Romans 12:6 may be governed by the descriptive list that

follows wherein it may be described in terms of exhortation against evil (12:9). However, such association would

be the only such occurrence within Paul's letters.

lvii

For a comprehensive study of the issue of signs and wonders, one would have to go beyond a study of

this particular phrase. In the present discussion, the phrase is studied as representative of the issues involved.

lviii

Isaiah considered himself along with his children to be signs and wonders for the nation (Is. 8:18).

However, this account does not generally fit the concept under consideration.

lix

For a good summary of the major dispensational approaches to the integration of OT and NT passages

on the New Covenant, see Rod Decker, “New Covenant, Dispensational View of” in the Dictionary of

Premillennial Theology, gen. ed., Mal Couch, (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1996), 280-83.

See Arno C. Gaebelein, The Acts of the Apostles: An Exposition (New York: Publication Office “Our

Hope,” 1912; reprint ed., Neptune, N.J.: Loizeaux Brothers, 1961), 53-54.

lxi

See Craig Blaising and Darrell Bock, Progressive Dispensationalism (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books,

1993): 174-211.

lxii

It is possible that the signification by the Spirit in Hebrews 9:8 refers to the practice of the Tabernacle

regulations and not the original giving of them. If such were the case, then the passage could speak of the Spirit's

work of illumination. However, any practice is based upon the given design that leads to the signification. It is

better to see the passage as referring to the original giving of the words of Scripture found in the Exodus account.