!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !'
Chapter 10: Moderation, mediation and more
regression
Smart Alex’s Solutions
Task 1
"#$%&'()*')+&,)-.//0 1)23%45)+)6*&+'73 48 97: );*'< * *4 )+): *683 4=8)Attractiveness)+45)93<)
>%#9)Support)'9*()?7@*)'9*76):+ 6'4* 6)74)4*< &(< *5 8,)A8)'978)6*&+ '7348 97:)> 3 5 *6+'* 5);( )
?*45*6)-7,*,B)<9*'9*6)'9*)5+'+)<*6*)263>)'9*)9%8; +4 5 )36)< 72*1C)D9*)5+'+)+6*)74)McNulty3
et3al.3(2008).sav,)
+
,0+122344+563+EFGHIJJ+78190:+;0<+8=+>433+;390? @+439325+
A+,63+B1C81; 93 4+8= +D0 E C+7 15 1+F893 +? 899+; 3+9845 37 +8= +
563+;0<+91;39937 +K+'+)L7&*)M+67+;&*8A+#39325+563+0 E 520 G3+B1C81; 93+>8= +56 84+2 14 3+!"##$%&@+1=7 +
7C1:+85+50+563+;0<+91;39937+G%'#3>*)M+67+;&*)-N1H+0C+2982I+0=+ A+#8G891C9DH+43 932 5+56 3 +JC3 7 825 0C +
B1C81;93+>8=+5684+2143+'&&%()&*+,-,..@+1=7+7C1:+85+50+563+;0<+91;3 9937+ A4 5 * : *4 5 * 4 ')M + 67+ ; &* )-O 1A+
K8=199DH+439325+563+G073C150C+B1C81;93+>8=+5684+2143+/,-0,%@+1=7+7C1: +85+50+563+; 0< +91;3 9937+ ")
M+67+;&*-81H+0C+2982I+0=+ A+,684+;0<+84+?63C3+D0 E+4 J3 2 8FD+1 = D+G073C150 C4 +>D0 E +21 = +61 B3 +G0C3+
561=+0=3@A+
EFGHIJJ+21=+5345+LM+78FF3C3=5+5DJ34+0F+G0739H+1=7+56343+G07394+1C3+984537+8=+563+7C0JN
70?=+;0<+91;39937+"35*&)$%>;*6,)#8GJ93+G073C1580=+1=19D484+84+C3JC343=537+;D+G0739+OH+;E5+
563+73F1E95+G0 7 39+84+M+>G3 781580 =H+? 6826 +?3 P99+900I+15+=3 <5@A+,6 3C3F0 C3H+1258B1 53+56 84+7C0JN70?=+
9845+1=7+43 93 25 + A+,63+C345+0F +563 +0 J 580 =4 +8=+56 84 +781 90 :+; 0 <+1 C3+F0 C+G07394+0 56 3C +561 = +
48GJ93+G073C1580=H+40 +?3 P99+8:=0C3+563 G A+
"F+D0E+2982I +0 = + +1=0563C+78190:+;0<+?899+1JJ31C+20=518=8=:+F0EC+E43FE9+0J580=4+F0C+
G073C1580=A+#393258=:+>O@+"*+4)#*4'*6)236):635%#'8+23=5C34+563+JC378250C+1=7+G073C150C+F0C+
D0EQ+>R@+P*'*638#*5+8'7#7'(Q#34878'*4')JI8+G31=4+?3+=337+=05+?0CCD+1;0E5+61B8=:+
6353C042371458285D+8=+563+G0739Q+>S@+GRJS"R)#34275*4#*)74'*6@+&8+JC07E234+20=F873=23+8=53CB194+
F0C+563+G07 39H+1=7 +"PB3+5C837 +50+ 3G J6148T3+563+8GJ0 C51= 23+0 F+56343 +56C0 E:6 0 E5+563 +;0 0IQ+1= 7+
>M@+T*4*6+'*)5+'+)236):&3''74?+84+639JFE9+F0C+8= 53CJ C358= :+1= 7+B84E 198T8= :+56 3+48G J 93+490 J3 4+
1=19D484A+,19I8=:+0F+48GJ93+490J34+1=19D484H+8F+D0E+2982I+0=+ H+D0E+21 = +2 6 1 = : 3 +?63563 C+D 0 E+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .'
?1=5+48GJ93+490J34+15+±O+451=71C7+73B81580=+0F+563+G31=+0F+563+G073C150C+>563+73F1E95H+?6826+
84+F8=3@+0C+15+J3C23=5893+J08=54+>85+E434+563+OU56H+R V 56 H+VU 56 H+LV56+1=7+WU56+J3C23=58934@A+X12I+8=+
563+G18=+78190: +;0 <H +2982I+ +50+CE=+563+1= 19D484A+
+
+
1
**************************************************************************
Model = 1
Y = Support
X = Attracti
M = Gender
Sample size
164
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Support
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.2921 .0853 4.8729 3.0000 160.0000 .0029
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant .2335 .0161 14.5416 .0000 .2018 .2652
Gender .0239 .0321 .7440 .4580 -.0395 .0873
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' U'
Attracti -.0072 .0148 -.4852 .6282 -.0363 .0220
int_1 .1053 .0295 3.5677 .0005 .0470 .1636
Interactions:
int_1 Attracti X Gender
2"&#"&131
%E5JE5+O+84+56 3 +G 1 8= +G073C15 80 =+1 = 1 9D4 84A+Y3PC3+5097 +56 3 +;NB19E3+F0C+3126+JC378250CH+563+
1440281537+451=71C7+3CC0C4+>?6826+61B3+;33=+17ZE4537+F0C+6353C042371458285D+;321E43+?3+14I37+
F0C+563G+50+;3@A+'126+;+84+20G J 1C3 7 +50 +T 3 C0 +E4 8= : +1+'N5345H+?6826+84+20GJE537+FC0G +56 3+;3 51+
78B8737+;D+854+451=71C7+3CC0CA+,63+20=F873=23+8=53CB19+F0C+563+;)84+1940+JC0 7 E 23 7 +>; 3 21 E 43 +? 3 +
14I37+F0C+85@A+[073C1580=+84+460?=+EJ+;D+1+48:=8F821=5+8=53C12580=+3FF325H+1=7+8=+5684+2143+563+
8=53C12580 = +84+6 8: 6 9D+4 8: =8F 821 = 5H+;+\+UAOUVH+WV]+$"+^UAUMLH+UAO_M`H+'+\+SAVLH+:+a+AUOH+8=782158=:+
5615+563+C391580=46 8J+;3 5? 33 =+155C12 58B3= 344+1= 7 +4EJ J0 C5+84+G0 73 C1537 +;D +:3=7 3CA+
+
*************************************************************************
Conditional effect of X on Y at values of the moderator(s)
Gender Effect se t p LLCI ULCI
-.5000 -.0598 .0202 -2.9549 .0036 -.0998 -.0198
.5000 .0455 .0215 2.1177 .0357 .0031 .0879
Values for quantitative moderators are the mean and plus/minus one SD from mean
2"&#"&141
,0+8=53CJC35+56 3 +G073C15 80= +3 FF3 2 5+? 3 +2 1= +3 <1 G8=3+563 +48GJ93+490J 3 4H+? 6 82 6 +1C 3+4 6 0 ? = +8= +
%E5JE5+A+'443=581 99DH+56 3+51 ; 93+4 60 ?4+E4+563+C3 4E 954+0 F+5? 0 +7 8FF3 C3 =5 +C3: C3 4480 = 4b+56 3 +C 3: C3 4 480 = +
F0C+155C1258B3=344 +14+1+J C37 8250C+0 F+4EJ J0 C5+>O@+? 6 3= +563+B1 9E3 +F0C+:3 =7 3C+84+−AV+>8A3AH+90 ? @A+
X321E43+6E4;1=74+?3C3+20737+14+T3C0H+5684+C3JC343=54+563+B19E3+F0C+G1934Q+1=7+>R@+?63=+563+
B19E3+F0C+:3=73C+84+AV+>8A3AH+68:6@A+X321E43+?8B34+?3C3+20737+14+OH+5684+C3JC343= 54+563 +F3G 1 93+
3=7+0F+563+:3=73C+4J325CEGA+Y3+21=+8=53CJC35+56343+56C33+C3:C34480=4+14+?3+?0E97+1=D+0563Cb+
?3PC3+8=53C34537+563+B19E3+0F+;+>219937+I22*#')+8=+563+0E5JE 5@H+1 = 7 +854 +48: = 8F821 = 23 A+K C0 G+?615+?3+
61B3+19C317D+931C=5+1;0E5+C3:C34480=+?3+21=+8=53CJC35+563+5?0+G07394+14+F0990?4b+
OA Y63=+:3=73C+84+90?+>G193@H+563C3+84+1+48:=8F821=5+=3:158B3+C391580=468J+;35?33=+
155C1258B3=344+1=7+4EJJ0C5H+;+\+−UAU_UH+WV]+$"+^−UAOUUH+−UAURU`H+'+\+−RAWVH+:+a+AUOA+
RA Y63=+:3=73C+84+68:6+>F3G193@H+563C3+84+1+48:=8F821=5+J04858B3+C391580 =46 8J+; 35? 33 =+
155C1258B3=344+1=7+4EJJ0C5H+;+\+UAUVH+WV]+$"+^UAUUSH+UAUcc`H+'+\+RAORH+:+a+AUVA+
,6343+C34E954+5399+E4+5615+563+C391580=468J+;35?33=+155C1258B3=344+0F+1+J3C40=+1=7+1G0E=5+0F+
4EJJ0C5+:8B3=+50+5638C+4J0E43+84+78FF3C3=5+F0C+G3=+1=7+?0G 3=A+#J328F82199DH+F0C+?0G3=H+14+
155C1258B3=344+8=2C31434+563+93B39+0F+4EJJ0C5+5615+563D+:8B3+50+5638C+6E4;1=74+8=2C31434H+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' V'
?63C314+F0C+G3=H+14+155C1258B3=344+8=2C31434+563+1G0E=5+0F+4EJJ0C5+563D+:8B3+50+5638C+?8B34+
732C31434A+
+
Reporting the results
Y3+21=+C3J0C5+563+C34E954+8=+1+51;93+14+F0990?4b+
1
1
b3
SE3B3
t3
p3
+
+
+
+
+
+
$0=451=5+
0.23+
^UARUH+UARL`+
UAUR_+
OMAVM+
:)a+AUUO+
+
*3=73C+>23=5C37@+
UAUR+
^−UAUMH+UAUW`+
UAUSR+
UALM+
:)\+AMVc+
+
-55C1258B3=344+>23=5C37@+
−UAUO+
^−UAUMH+UAUR`+
UAUOV+
−UAMW+
:)\+A_Rc+
+
*3=73C+×+-55C1258B3=344+
UAOO+
^UAUVH+UAO_`+
UAUSU+
SAVL+
:)a+AUO+
)053A+F
R+
\+AUWA+
Task 2
E635%#*)'9*)87>:&*)8&3:*8)?6+:98)236)'9*)+;3@*)*W+ > : &*,)
+
1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' X'
+
1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' Y'
+
2"&#"&151
,63+:C1J6+8=+%E5JE5++1;0B3+20=F8CG4+0EC+C34E954+FC0G+563+48GJ93+490J4+1=19D484+8=+563+JC3B80E4+
514I+>%E5JE5+@A+d0E+21=+43 3+5615+563+78C32580=+0 F+563+C3 91580= 468J +;35? 3 3= +155C1258B3 =3 44+1= 7+
4EJJ0C5+84+78FF3C3=5+F0C+G3=+1=7+?0G3= +;D+563+F125+5615+563+5?0+C3:C34480=+98=34+490J3+8=+
78FF3C3=5+78C32580=4A+#J328F82199DH+F0C+6E4;1=74+>;9E3+98=3@+563+C391580=468J+84+=3:158B3+>563+
C3:C34480=+98=3+490J34+70?=?1C74@H+?63C314+F0C+?8B34+>:C33=+98=3@+563+C391580=468J+84+J04858B3+
>563+C3:C34480= +98=3+490 J3 4+EJ ? 1C7 4 @ A+- 7 7 8580 = 199D H+563 +F1 25+56 1 5+56 3+98= 3 4+2C 04 4+8= 782 1 534 +1+
48:=8F821=5+8=53C12580=+3FF325+>G073C1580=@A+#0+;1482199DH+?3+21=+20=29E73+5615+563+C391580=468J+
;35?33=+155C1258B3=344+1=7+4EJJ0C5+84+J04858B3+F0C+?8B34+>G0C3+155C1258B3+?8B34+:8B3+5638C+
6E4;1=74+G0C3+4EJJ0C5@H+;E5+=3:158B3+F0C+6E4;1=74+>G0C3+155C1258B3+6E4;1=74+:8B3+5638C+?8B34+
9344+4EJJ 0 C5 +56 1 = +E= 1 55 C1 258B 3 +0 =3 4 @A+-9560E:6 +563D+787=P5+5345+G0 73 C1580= H+5684+G 8G824 +563+
F8=78=:4+0F+[ 2) E 95D+35+19A+>RUU c@A
Task 3
)"#$%&'()*')+&,)-.//01)+&83)23%45)+)6*&+'734897:);*'<**4)+):*6834=8)Attractiveness)+45)
'9*76)6*&+'734897:)Satisfaction)+8)4*<&(<*58,))Z874?)'9*)8+>*)5+'+)+8)'9*):6*@73%8)
*W+>:&*8B)78)'978)6*&+'73 4 89 7: )>35*6+ '* 5 );( )?*45*6C)
+
,0+122344+563+78190:+;0<+460?=+;390?+439325+
A+,63+B1C81; 934+8=+D0 EC+7 151+F893+? 899+;3+984537 +8=+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' ['
563+;0<+91;39937 +K+'+)L7&*)M+67+;&*8A+#39325+563+0 E 520 G3+B1C81; 93+>8= +56 84+2 14 3+6,7(&*$-.8*#1
!(&*.9()&*$-@+1=7+7C1:+85+50+563+;0<+91;3993 7+ G%'#3>*)M+67+;&*)-N1H+0C+2982I+0= + A+#8G891C9DH+
439325+563+JC378250C+B1C81;93+>8=+5684+2143+'&&%()&*+,-,..@+1=7+7C1:+85+50+563+;0 <+91; 39937 +
A45*:*4 5 * 4 ')M + 6 7+; &* )-O 1A+K 8= 199D H+4393 25 +563 +G073C150 C+B 1C 81; 93 +>8= +5684 +21 43 +/,-0,%@+1=7+7C1:+
85+50+563+; 0 <+91 ; 3 9937 +")M+67+;&*-81H+0C+2982I+0=+ A+,684+;0<+84+?6 3C 3+D 0E +4J 3 28F D+1 =D +
G073C150C4+>D0E+21=+61 B3 +G0 C3+56 1= +0=3 @A+
EFGHIJJ+21=+5345+LM+78FF3C3=5+5DJ34+0F+G0739H+1=7+56343+G07394+1C3+984537+8=+563+7C0JN
70?=+;0<+91;39937+"35*&)$%>;*6,)#8GJ93+G073C1580=+1=19D484+84+C3JC343=537+;D+G0739+OH+;E5+
563+73F1E95+G0 7 39+84+M+>G3 781580 =H+? 6826 +?3 P99+900 I+1 5+= 3 <5 @A+, 6 3C 3F0 C 3H+1 25 8B1 53 +56 84 +7C0JN70? =+
9845+1=7+43 93 25 + A+,63+C345+0F +563 +0 J 580 =4 +8=+56 84 +781 90 :+; 0 <+1 C3+F0 C+G07394+0 56 3C +561 = +
48GJ93+G073C1580=H+40+?3P99+8:=0C3+563GA+
"F+D0E+2982I +0 = + +1=0563C+78190:+;0<+?899+1JJ31C+20=518=8=:+F0EC+E43FE9+0J580=4+F0C+
G073C1580=A+#393258=:+>O@+"*+4)#*4'*6)236):635%#'8+23=5C34+563+JC378250C+1=7+G073C150C+F0C+
D0EQ+>R@+P*'*638#*5+8'7#7'(Q#34878'*4')JI8+G31=4+?3+=337+=05+?0CCD+1;0E5+61B8=:+
6353C042371458285D+8=+563+G0739Q+>S@+GRJS"R)#34275*4#*)74'*6@+&8+JC07E234+20=F873=23+8=53CB194+
F0C+563+G07 39H+1=7 +"PB3+5C837 +50+ 3G J6148T3+563+8GJ0 C51= 23+0 F+56343 +56C0 E:6 0 E5+563 +;0 0IQ+1= 7+
>M@+T*4*6+'*)5+'+)236):&3''74?+84+639JFE9+F0 C+8= 53 CJ C3 58= : +1= 7 +B 84E 1 98T8= : +56 3 +48GJ93+490J 3 4+
1=19D484A+,19I8=:+0F+48GJ93+490J34+1=19D484H+8F+D0E+2982I+0=+ H+D0E +2 1 = +2 6 1 = : 3 +?63563 C +D0E+
?1=5+48GJ93+490J34+15+±O+451=71C7+73B81580=+0F+563+G31=+0F+563+G073C150C+>563+73F1E95H+?6826+
84+F8=3@+0C+15+J3C23=5893+J08=54+>85+E434+563+OU56H+RV56H+V U 56 H+LV 56 + 1= 7+WU56+J3C23=58934@A+X12I+8=+
563+G18=+78190: +;0 <H +2982I+ +50+CE=+563+1= 19D484A+
+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' 0'
+
1
**************************************************************************
Model = 1
Y = Satisfac
X = Attracti
M = Gender
Sample size
164
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Satisfac
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.1679 .0282 1.9911 3.0000 160.0000 .1175
Model
coeff se t p LLCI ULCI
constant 33.7160 .3512 96.0087 .0000 33.0224 34.4095
Gender -.0236 .7024 -.0336 .9733 -1.4107 1.3635
Attracti -.6104 .2887 -2.1145 .0360 -1.1805 -.0403
int_1 .5467 .5773 .9470 .3451 -.5935 1.6869
Interactions:
int_1 Attracti X Gender
*************************************************************************
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' \'
Conditional effect of X on Y at values of the moderator(s)
Gender Effect se t p LLCI ULCI
-.5000 -.8837 .3827 -2.3090 .0222 -1.6396 -.1279
.5000 -.3370 .4322 -.7797 .4367 -1.1906 .5166
Values for quantitative moderators are the mean and plus/minus one SD from mean
2"&#"&1:1
%E5JE5++84+563+C3 4E 95 4+0 F+5 6 3+ G073C1580=+1=19D484A+Y3PC3+5097+563+;NB19E3+F0C+3126+JC378250CH+563+
1440281537+451=71C7+3CC0C4+>?6826+61B3+;33=+17ZE4537+F0C+6353C042371458285D+;321E43+?3+14I37+
F0C+563G+50+;3 @A+'12 6+ ;+84+20G J 1C 37 +5 0+T 3 C0 +E 48= : +1+'N5345H+?6826+84+20GJE537+FC0G +56 3+;3 51+
78B8737+;D+854+451=71C7+3CC0CA+,63+20=F873=23+8=53CB19+F0C+563+;)84+1940+JC0 7 E 23 7 +>; 3 21 E 43 +? 3 +
14I37+F0C+85@A+[073C1580=+84+460?=+EJ+;D+1+48:=8F821=5+8=53C12580=+3FF325Q+60?3B3CH+8=+56 84+2 1 43 +
563+8=53C12580=+84+=0 =N48:=8F821=5H+;+\+UAVMLH+WV]+$"+^−UAVWMH+OA_cL`H+'+\+UAWVH+:+e+AUVH+8=782158=:+
5615+563+C391580=46 8J+;3 5? 33 =+155C1 258B3= 344 +1=7 +C391580= 46 8J+41584F12 580= +84+=05+G 07 3C1 537 +;D+
:3=73CA+
Task 4
A4)'9*)#9 + :' * 6)< * )' *8 '* 5 )+ )> * 5 7+ '73 4 )>35*&)32 )74 275 *&7' ()2 36 )R +>;*6')*' )+ &,=8)5 + '+ )% 8 74 ?)
]+634)+45)^*44(=8)6*?6*887348,)F*:*+')'978)+4+&(878);%')%874?)Hook_Ups)+8)'9*)>*+8%6*)
32)74275*&7'(,)
+
X1C0=+1=7+f3==D+4E::34537+5615+G3781580=+84+534537+56C0E:6+56C33+C3:C34480=+G07394b+
OA -+C3:C34480=+JC378258=:+563+0E520G3+>;$$<=>#.@+FC0G+563+JC378250C+B1C81;93+
>?$-."@#&*$-@A++
RA -+C3:C34480=+JC378258=:+563+G378150C+>?$@@*&@,-&@+FC0G+563+JC378250C+B1C81; 93+
>?$-."@#&*$-@A+
SA -+C3:C34480=+JC378258=:+563+0E520G3+>;$$<=>#.@+FC0G+;056+563+JC378250C+B1C81;93+
>?$-."@#&*$-@+1=7+563+G37 8150C+> ?$-."@#&*$-@A++
,6343+G07394+5345+563+F0EC+20=78580=4+0F+G3781580=b+>O@+563+JC378250C+B1C81;93+>?$-."@#&*$-@1
GE45+48:=8F821=59D+JC37825+563+0E520G3+B1C81;93+>;$$<=>#.@+8=+G0739+OQ+>R@+563+J C37 8250C+
B1C81;93+>?$-."@#&*$-@+GE45+48:=8F821=59D+JC37825+563+G 3 781 50C+> ?$@@ *&@,-&@+8=+G07 39+RQ+>S@+
563+G378150 C+>?$@@ *&@,-&@+GE45+48:= 8F821= 59D+JC37 825+56 3+0E 520 G 3+> ;$$<=>#.@+B1C81;93+8=+
G0739+SQ+1=7+>M@+563+JC378250C+B1C81;93+>?$-."@#&*$-@+GE45+JC37825+563+0 E520G3+B1C81;93+
>;$$<=>#.@+9344+45C0=:9D+8=+G07 39+S+561 =+8=+G 0 7 39+OA +
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !/'
+
Model 1: Predicting Infidelity from Consumption
+
A*(7$B1C$D19$%1@$0,7131
+
2"&#"&1E1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !!'
Model 2: Predicting Commitment from Consumption
+
A*(7$B1C$D19$%1@$0,7141
+
2"&#"&1F1
+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !.'
Model 3: Predicting Infidelity from Consumption and Commitment
+
A*(7$B1C$D19$%1@$0,7151
+
2"&#"&1G1
Is there evidence for mediation?
• %E5JE5++460?4+5615+J0C=0 :C1J6 D+20=4EG J 580=+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+600INEJ4H+;+\+
OAVcH+WV]+$"+^UALRH+RAMV`H+'+\+SA_MH+:+a+AUUOA+-4+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+8=2C31434H+
563+=EG; 3C+0F+600IN EJ4+8=2C31434+1940A+
• %E5JE5++460?4+5615+J0C=0 :C1J6 D+20=4EG J 580=+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+C391580=468J+
20GG85G3=5H+; +\+−UAMLH+WV]+$"+^−UAcWH+−UAUV`H+'+\+−RAROH+:+\+AURcA+-4+J0C=0:C1J6D+
20=4EGJ580=+8=2C31434+20GG 85G3=5+73298=34A+
• %E5JE5+L+460? 4+5615+C391580=468J+20G G 85G3=5+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+600INEJ4H+;+\+
−UA_RH+WV]+$"+^−UAcLH+−UASL`H+'+\+−MAWUH+:+a+AUUOA+-4+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5+8=2C31434+
563+=EG; 3C+0F+600IN EJ4+732C31434A+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !U'
• ,63+C391580=468J+;35?33=+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+1=7+8=F873985D+84+45C0=:3C+8=+G0739+
OH+;+\+OAVc+>%E5JE5+@+561=+8=+G0739+SH+;+\+OARc+>%E5JE5+@A+
-4+4E26H+563+F0EC+20=78580=4+0F+G3781580=+61B3+;33=+G35A)
Task 5
F*:*+')'9*)+;3@*)+4+&(878);%')%874?)'9*)/(%$'##)'33&)'3)*8'7> +'* )'9*)745 76*#')*22*# ')+45 )
7'8)#34275 *4 # *)74 ' *6 @+ &,)
+
,0+122344+563+78190:+;0<+460?=+;390?+439325+
A+,63+B1C81; 93 4+8= +D0 E C+7 15 1+F893 +? 899+; 3+9845 37 +8= +
563+;0<+91;39937 +K+'+)L7&*)M+67+;&*8A+#39325+563+0 E 520 G3+B1C81; 93+>8= +56 84+2 14 3+;$$<=>#.@+1=7+
7C1:+85+50+563+;0<+91;39937+G%'#3>*)M+67+;&*)-N1H+0C+2982I+0=+ A+#8G891C9DH+43932 5+56 3 +JC3 7 8250 C+
B1C81;93+>8=+5684+2143+H-?$-."@# &*$-@+1=7+7 C1: +85+50+563+; 0<+91; 3993 7+ A4 5 *: * 4 5 * 4' )M + 67+ ; &* )-O 1A+
K8=199DH+439325+563+G378150 C+B1 C81 ; 93 +>8= +56 84+2 1 43 +?$@@ *&@,-&@+1=7+7C1: +85+50+563+; 0< +91;3 9937+
")M+67+;&*-81H+0C+2982I+0=+ A+,684+;0<+84+?63C3+D0 E+4 J3 28F D+1 =D +G 3 7 81 50 C4+>D 0E +21 = +6 1B 3+G0C3+
561=+0=3@A+
-4+"+G3=580=37+;3F0C3H+EFGHIJJ+21=+5345+G1=D+78FF3C3=5+5DJ34+0F+G0739H+1=7+48GJ93+
G3781580=+1=19D484+84+C3JC343=537+;D+G0739+M+>5684+G0739+84+43932537+;D+73F1E95@A+,63C3F0C3H+
G1I3+4EC3+5615+ +84+439325 37 +8= +56 3 +7 C0 J N70?=+9845+E=73C+"35*&)$%>;*6A+.=98I3+
G073C1580=H+563C3+1C3+0563C+0J580=4+8=+5684+78190:+;0<+5615+1C3+E43FE9b+F0C+3<1GJ93H+50+5345+563+
8=78C325+3 FF3 25 4+?3+?899+E43 +; 0 0 545 C1 J J8= : +50 +: 3 = 3C1 53 +1 +20 = F87 3 = 23 +8= 53 CB 19+1 C0 E = 7 +56 3 +8= 78C 32 5+
3FF325A+XD+73F1E95+EFGHIJJ+E434+OUUU+;00545C1J+41GJ934H+1=7+?899+20GJE53+;814+20CC32537+1=7+
122393C1537+20=F873=23+8=53CB194A+,6343+73F1E95+0J580=4+1C3+F8=3H+;E5+ZE45+;3+1?1C3+5615+D0E+
21=+14I+F0C+J3C23=5893+;00545C1J+20=F873=23+8=53CB194+8=45317A+
"F+D0E+2982I +0 = + +1=0563C+78190:+;0<+?899+1JJ31C+20=518=8=:+F0EC+E43FE9+0J580=4+F0C+
G3781580=A+#393258=:+>O@+I22*#')J7_*+JC07E234+563+3458G1534+0F+563+48T3+0F+563+8=78C325+3FF325Q+>R@+
J3;*&)D*8'+JC07E234+1+48:=8F821=23+5345+0F+563+8=78C325+3FF325+73B8437+;D+#0;39Q+>S@+D3'+&)*22*#')
>35*&+JC07E234+563+78C325+3FF325+0F+563+JC378250C+0=+563+0E520G3+>8=+5684+2143+563+C3:C34480=+
0F+8=F873985D+JC3782537+FC0G+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=@A+)0=3+0F+563+0J580=4+1258B1537+;D+
2982I8=:+0=+ +1JJ9D+50+48GJ93+G3781580=+G07394H+40+?3+21=+8:=0C3+5684+;E550=+1=7+2982I+
+50+CE=+563+1= 19D484A+
+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !V'
+
1
**************************************************************************
Model = 4
Y = Hook_Ups
X = LnConsum
M = Commitme
Sample size
239
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Commitme
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.1418 .0201 4.8633 1.0000 237.0000 .0284
Model
coeff se t p
constant 4.2027 .0545 77.1777 .0000
LnConsum -.4697 .2130 -2.2053 .0284
2"&#"&1I1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !X'
%E5JE5++460?4+563+F8C45+J1C5+0F+563+0E5JE5H+?6826+8=858199D+53994+E4+563+=1G3+0F+563+0E520G3+>d@H+
563+JC378250C+>g@+1= 7 +563+G 3 78150 C+>[ @+B1C81; 934H+? 6826 +61 B3+;33=+460C53=37+50+38:65+93553C4A+
,684+84+E43FE9+F0C+70E;93N2632I8=:+?3+61B3+3=53C37+563+B1C81;934+8=+563+20CC325+J9123b+563+
0E520G3+84+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4H+563+JC378250C+84+20=4EGJ580=H+1=7+563+G378150C+84+
20GG85G3=5A+,63+=3<5+J1C5+0F+563+0E5JE5+460?4+E4+563+C34E954+0F+563+48GJ93+C3:C34480=+0F+
20GG85G3=5+JC3782537+FC0G+J0C=0:C1J 6D+20=4EG J580=A+,684+0E5JE5+84+8=53CJC3537+ZE45+14+?3+
?0E97+8=53CJC35+1=D+C3:C34480=b+?3+21=+433+5615+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+48:=8F821=59D+
JC378254+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5H+;+\+−UAMLH+'+\+−RAROH+:+\+AURcA+,63+F
R
+B19E3+53994+E4+5615+
J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+3<J918=4+R]+0F+563+B1C81=23+8=+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5H+1=7+563+
F125+5615+563+;+84+=3:1 58B3 +53 994 +E 4+56 1 5+5 6 3+C3 91 580 = 4 68J +84 += 3: 1 58B 3+1 94 0b+1 4 +20 = 4 EGJ580=+
8=2C3143 4H+2 0GG85G 3 = 5+73298=34+>1=7+B823+B3C41@A+
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Hook_Ups
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.3739 .1398 19.1747 2.0000 236.0000 .0000
Model
coeff se t p
constant 4.2427 .5435 7.8062 .0000
Commitme -.6218 .1268 -4.9027 .0000
LnConsum 1.2811 .4201 3.0498 .0026
2"&#"&1J1
%E5JE5++460?4+563+C34E954+0F+563+C3:C34480=+0F+=EG; 3C+0F+600INEJ4+JC3782537+FC0G+;056+
J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+1=7+20GG85G3=5A+Y3+21=+433+5615+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+
48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4+3B3=+?856+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5+8=+563+G0739H+;+
\+OARcH+'+\+SAUVH+:+\+AUUSQ+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5+1940+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+=EG;3C+0F+600IN
EJ4H+;+\+−UA_RH+'+\+−MAWUH+:+a+AUU O A+,6 3 +F
R
+B19E3+53994+E4+5615+563+G0739+3<J918=4+OMAU]+0F+563+
B1C81=23+8=+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4A+,63+=3:158B3+;+F0C+20G G 85G 3 =5+53994+E 4+561 5+14+20 G G 85G 3 =5+
8=2C3143 4H+= E G;3C+0F+60 0 I NEJ4+73298=34+>1=7+B823+B3C41@H+;E5+563+J04858B3+;+F0C+20=4EG J580 = 4+
8=7821534+5615+14+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+8=2C31434H+563+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4+8=2C31434+1940A+
,6343+C391580=468J4+1C3+8=+563+JC3782537+78C32580=A+
************************** TOTAL EFFECT MODEL ****************************
Outcome: Hook_Ups
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.2284 .0522 13.0449 1.0000 237.0000 .0004
Model
coeff se t p
constant 1.6296 .1114 14.6324 .0000
LnConsum 1.5731 .4356 3.6118 .0004
2"&#"&13K1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !Y'
+
%E5JE5+OU+460?4+563+50519+3FF325+0F+J0C=0:C1J6D+20= 4EG J580= +0=+=EG ; 3C+0F+600INEJ4+
>0E520G3 @A+d0 E+? 899+:35+5684 +;85+0F+5 63+0E5JE5+0=9D+8F+D0E+43932537+D3'+&)*22*#')>35*&A+,63+50519+
3FF325+84+563+3FF325+0F+563+JC378250C+0=+563+0E520G3+?63=+563+G378150C+84+=05+JC343=5+8=+563+
G0739A+Y63=+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5+84+=05+8=+563+G0739H+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+
48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+563+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4H+;+\+OAVLH+'+\+SA_OH+:+a+AUUOA+,63+F
R
+B19E3+53994+E4+
5615+563+G07 39+3<J 918=4 +VARR] +0 F+563+B1 C81=2 3+8=+=E G ; 3C+0F+6 00 INEJ4A+-4+84+563+2143+?63=+?3+
8=29E73+C3 91 580 = 4 68J +2 0 G G85G3= 5+8= +5 6 3+G0739H+J0 C =0 : C1 J 6 D+2 0 =4 E GJ580=+6 14 +1 +J0 4 858B 3+
C391580=468J+?856+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4+>14+460?=+;D+563+J04858B3+;NB19E3@A+
***************** TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS ********************
Total effect of X on Y
Effect SE t p
1.5731 .4356 3.6118 .0004
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect SE t p
1.2811 .4201 3.0498 .0026
Indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .2920 .1572 .0310 .6591
Partially standardized indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .1904 .0962 .0189 .3894
Completely standardized indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .0424 .0215 .0043 .0889
Ratio of indirect to total effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .1856 .2086 .0128 .5298
Ratio of indirect to direct effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .2280 1.0581 .0052 1.0776
R-squared mediation effect size (R-sq_med)
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .0183 .0123 .0014 .0548
Preacher and Kelley (2011) Kappa-squared
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Commitme .0433 .0210 .0059 .0904
2"&#"&1331
%E5JE5++84+563+G045+8G J0 C 51 =5 +J 1C 5+0 F+56 3 +0 E 5J E 5+; 3 21 E 43 +85+7 84 J 91D 4+5 6 3+C 34 E 954 +F0 C+56 3 +
8=78C325+3 FF3 25 +0F +J 0C =0 : C1 J 6 D+2 0 =4 E GJ580=+0 = +=E G;3C+0F+6 0 0 INEJ4+>8A3A+563+3FF325+B81+
C391580=468J+20 G G 85G 3 =5@A+K8C45H+? 3C3 +5097+56 3+3FF325+0F+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+0=+563+
=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4+8=+84091580=+>563+50519+3FF325@A+)3<5H+?3PC3+5097+563+3FF325+0F+J0C=0:C1J6D+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !['
20=4EGJ580=+0=+563+=EG;3 C+0F+600INEJ4+?63=+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5+84+8=29E737+14+1+
JC378250C+14+?399+>563+78C325+3FF325@A+,63+F8C45+;85+0F+=3?+8=F0CG1580=+84+563+A4576*# ')I 22* # ')3 2)O )
34)NH+?6826+8= +5 6 84 +21 4 3 +84 +56 3 +8 = 7 8C3 2 5 +3 FF3 2 5 +0 F+J 0 C = 0 : C1 J6D+20= 4 E GJ580= +0 = +5 6 3 += E G;3C+0 F+
600INEJ4A+Y3PC3+:8B3=+1=+3458G153+0F+5684+3FF325+>;+\+UARWR@+14+?399+14+1+;00545C1JJ37+451=71C7+
3CC0C+1=7+20=F873=23+8=53CB19A+-4+?3+61B3+433=+G1=D+58G34+;3F0C3H+WV]+20=F873=23+8=53CB194+
20=518=+563+5CE3+B19E3+0F+1+J1C1G353C+8=+WV]+0F+41GJ934A+,63C3F0C3H+?3+53=7+50+144EG3+5615+
0EC+41GJ93+84=P5+0=3+0F+563+V]+5615+7034+=05+20=518=+563+5CE3+B19E3+1=7+E43+563G+50+8=F3C+563+
J0JE91580=+B19E3+0F+1=+3FF325A+"=+5684+2143H+144EG8=:+0EC+41GJ93+84+0=3+0F+563+WV]+5615+h6854P+
563+5CE3+B19E3H+?3 +I=0 ? +561 5+563+5CE 3+; NB19E3+F0C+563+8=78C325+3FF325+F1994+;35?33=+UAUSO+1=7+
UA_VWA+,684+C1=:3+7034+=05+8=29E73+T3C0H+1=7+C3G3G;3C+5615+;+\+U+?0E97+G31=+h=0+3FF325+
?615403B3CPQ+563C3F0C3H+563+F125+5615+563+20=F873=23+8=53CB19+7034+=05+20=518=+T3C0+G31=4+5615+
563C3+84+98I39D+50+;3+1+:3=E 8=3+8=7 8C325+3 FF325A+/E 5+1= 056 3C+? 1DH+C391580 =46 8J+20 G G 85G 3= 5+84+1+
G378150C+0F+563+C391580=468J+;35?33=+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+1=7+563+=EG;3C+0F+600INEJ4A+
+,63+C345+0F+%E5JE5+ D0E+?899+433+0=9D+8F+D0E+43932537+I22*#')87_*Q+85+20=518= 4+B 1 C80 E 4+
451=71C78T37+F0CG4+0F+563+8=7 8C325+3FF3 25A+"=+31 26+21 43 +563D +1C3+12 20 G J1 = 837+; D+1+
;00545C1JJ37+20=F873=23+8=53CB19A+-4+?856+563+E=451=71C78T37+8=78C325+3FF325H+8F+563+20=F873=23+
8=53CB194+7 0 = P5+2 0 =5 18= +T 3 C0 +56 3 =+?3+21=+; 3+2 0 = F87 3= 5 +56 1 5+56 3 +5CE 3 +3 FF3 25 +48T 3+84 +7 8FF3 C3 = 5+FC0 G ++
h=0+3FF3 2 5PA+" = +0 563C+?0 C7 4 H+56 3 C 3 +84+G3781 580 =A+-99+0F+56 3 +3 F F3 2 5+4 8T3 +G314E C3 4 +6 1 B 3 +2 0 = F8 7 3 = 2 3 +
8=53CB194+5 6 15 +70 = P5+8= 2 9E 7 3+T 3C 0 H+40 +?68263B3C+0=3+?3+900I+15+?3+21=+;3+F18C9D+20=F873=5+5615+
563+8=78C325+3FF325+84+:C3153 C+561 =+h=0 +3FF32 5PA+K02E 48=:+0 =+563+G045+E43FE9+0F+56343+3FF325+48T34H+
563+451=71C7 8T37+;)F0C+563 +8=78C3 25+3FF32 5H+854+B19E3 +84+;+\+AUMRH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUUMH+AUcW`H+1=7+
48G891C9DH+!𝜅
!
+\+AUMSH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUU_H+AUWU`A+!𝜅
!
+84+;0E= 7 3 7 +50 +F1 99+; 35 ? 3 3 =+U +1 = 7 +O H+40 +? 3 +21 = +
8=53CJC35 +56 84+1 4 +56 3 +8=7 8C3 2 5+3 FF3 25 +; 38= : +1 ;0 E 5 +MAS ]+0F+563+G1<8GE G+B19E3+56 1 5+85+2 0 E 97+6 1 B 3+
;33=H+?6826+84+1+F18C9D+4G199+3FF325A+Y3+G8:65H+563C3F0C3H+?1=5+50+900I+F0C+0563C+J053=5819+
G378150C4+50+8=29E73+8=+563+G0739+8=+1778580=+50+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5A+
Normal theory tests for indirect effect
Effect se Z p
.2920 .1477 1.9773 .0480
2"&#"&1341
%E5JE5++460?4+563+C34E954+0F+563+#0;39+5345A+-4+"+61B3+G3=580=37+;3F0C3H+85+84+;3553C+50+
8=53CJC35 +56 3 +;0 0 5 45C 1J +2 0 =F 87 3= 2 3+8= 5 3CB 1 94+5 61 = +F0 CG19+53454+0 F+4 8: = 8F821 = 23 Q+6 0 ? 3 B3 CH+8F+D 0 E +
43932537+J3;*&)'*8'+5684+84+?615+D0E+?899+433A+-:18=H+?3PC3+:8B3=+563+48T3+0F+563+8=78C325+3FF325+>;+
\+UARWR@H+563+451=71C7+3CC0CH+1440281537+_N420C3+>_)\+OAWc@+1=7+:NB19E3+>:+\+AUMc@A+,63+:NB19E3+84+
ZE45+E=7 3 C+56 3 += 05 N15N199+G1:82+AUV+56C346097+40+?3P7+20=29E73+5615+563C3+84+1+48:=8F821=5+
8=78C325+3FF3 25H+40+563 C3+84+20G J 3998=:+3B 873= 23 +5615+56 3C3+84+1+4G 1 99H+;E5+G3 1= 8=:FE 9+G3 781 580=+
3FF325A+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !0'
Reporting the Results of the Mediation Analysis
#0G3+J30J93+C3J0C5+0=9D+563+8=78C325+3FF325+8=+G3781580=+1=19D484H+1=7+J0448;9D+563+#0;39+5345A+
i0?3B3CH+"+61B3+C3J315379D+F1B0EC37+E48=:+;00545C1J+20=F873=23+8=53CB194H+40+D0E+460E97+
C3J0C5+56343H+1=7 +JC3 F3C1 ;9D+56 3+3FF3 25+48T3+!𝜅
!
+1=7+854+20=F873=23+8=53CB19b+
! ,63C3+?14+1+48:=8F821=5+8=78C325+3FF325+0F+J0C=0:C1J6D+20=4EGJ580=+0=+563+=EG;3C+
0F+600INEJ4+560E:6+C391580=468J+20GG85G3=5H+;+\+UARWRH+X$1+$"+^UAUSOH+UA_VW`A+
,684+C3JC343=54+1+C39158B39D+4G199+3FF325H+!𝜅
!
+\+AUMSH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUU_H+AUWU`A+
+
Task 6
A4)H9+: '* 6)U )-D+8`)X1)<*)&33`*5)+')5+'+)263>):*3:&*)<93)9+5);**4)236#*5)'3)>+66()?3+'8)
+45)53?8)+45)>*+8%6*5)'9*76)&72*)8+'782+#'734)+45B)+&83B)93<)>%#9)'9*()&7`*)+47>+&8)
-Goat3or3Dog.sav1,)F%4)+)6*?6*8873 4 ): 6*5 7#' 74? )&72* )8+ '782+ # '73 4 )263 > )'9 *)'( : *)3 2)+ 4 7> + &)
'3)<97#9)+):*68 34 )<+ 8)> + 667*5,)a 67'*)3% ')'9* )274+&)> 35 *&,)
+
+
2"&#"&1351
j00I8=:+15+563+203FF8283=54+1;0B3H+?3+21=+433+5615+5DJ3+0F+1=8G19+?8F3+48:=8F821=59D+JC3782537+
98F3+41584F12 580 = +; 3 21 E 43 +56 3 +:QB19E3+84+9344+561=+AUV+>AUUS@A+,63+J04858B3+451=71C78T37+;351+
B19E3+>A_SU@+8=7821534+1+J04858B3+C391580=468J+;35?33=+5DJ3+0F+1=8G19+?8F3+1=7+98F3+41584F12580=A+
(3G3G;3C+5615+B$(&+?14+20737+14+U+1=7+0$B+?14+20737+14+OH+563C3F0C3+14+5DJ3+0F+1=8G19+?8F3+
8=2C3143 7 +FC0 G+:015+50 +7 0: H+98F3 +41 584 F1 25 80 =+1 94 0 +8=2 C3 14 3 7 A+"=+0 5 6 3C+?0C74H+G 3 = +? 6 0 +? 3 C3 +
G1CC837+50+70:4+?3C3+G0C3+41584F837+561=+56043+?60+?3C3+G1CC837+50+:0154A+XD+C3J9128=:+563+
;NB19E34+FC0G+%E5JE5+OS+8=+563+3k E 1 580 = +FC0 G+563+;0 0I +26 1 J 53 CH+? 3 +2 1= +7 3 F8= 3 +0E C+4 J 3 28F82 +
G0739+14b++
j8F3+41584F12580=
7
+\+;
U
+l;
O
+5DJ3+0F+1=8G 19+? 8F3
7
\+O_ARO+l+>ROAW_++5DJ3 +0F+1= 8G 19+? 8F3
7
@+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' !\'
Task 7
F*:*+')'9*)+4+&(878)+;3@*);%')74#&%5*)+47>+&)&7`74?)74)'9*)2768');&3#`B)+45)'(:*)32)+47>+&)
<72*)74)'9*)8*#345);&3#`,)K3)(3%6)#34#&%87348)+;3%')'9*)6*&+'734897:);*'<**4)'(:*)32)
+47>+&)+45)&72*)8+'782+#'734)#9+4?*C)
+
+
+
+
+
+
2"&#"&13:1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' ./'
j00I8=:+15+563+203FF8283=54+FC0G+563+F8=19+G0739+8=+%E5JE5+OM +>G 0 7 39+R@H+?3 +21= +433 +561 5+;056 +
H$+,1$91(-*@(7.H+'>OL@+\+SARO H+:)a)AUOH+1=7+LM#,1$91(-*@(71N*9,H+'>OL@+\+MAU_H+:)a)AUOH+
48:=8F821=59D+JC3782537+98F3+41584F12580=A+,684+G31=4+5615+5DJ3+0F+1=8G19+?8F3+JC3782537+98F3+
41584F12580=+0B3C+1=7+1;0B3+563+3FF325+0F+90B3+0F+1=8G194A+"=+0563C+?0C74H+3B3=+1F53C+20=5C0998=:+
F0C+563+3FF325+0F+90B3+0 F+1= 8G 194H+5DJ 3+0F+1= 8G 1 9+?8F3 +45899+48:=8F821= 59D+JC3 782 537 +98F3+41584F1 2580= A+
F
R
+84+563+4k E 1 C3 7+2 0 CC3 91 580 = +; 35 ? 3 3= +5 63 +0 ; 43 CB 3 7+B 1 9E 34 +0 F+98F3 +41 5 84F1 2 580 = +1= 7 +56 3 +B 19E 3 4+
0F+98F3+41584F12580=+JC3782537+;D+563+G0739A+,63+B19E34+8=+5684+0E5JE5+5399+E4+5615+90B3+0F+1=8G194+
3<J918=4+R_AR]+0F+563+B1C81=23+8=+98F3+41584F12580=A+Y63=+5DJ3+0F+1=8G19+?8F3+84+F1250C37+8=+14+
?399H+_RAV]+0F+B1C81=23+8=+98F3+41584F12580=+84 +3 <J 91 8=3 7 +>8A3 AH+1=+1778580=19+S_AS]@A+
+ +
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .!'
Task 8
Z874?)'9*)GlastonburyDummy.sav)5+'+B)<97#9)(3%)893%&5=@*)+&6*+5()+4+&(8*5B)
#3>>*4')34)<9*'9* 6)(3%)'974`)'9*)>35*&)78)6*&7+;&*)+45)?*4*6+&7_+;&*A+
+
+
+
+
+
Model Summary
b
.276
a
.076
.053
.68818
.076
3.270
3
119
.024
1.893
Model
1
R
R Square
Adjusted
R Square
Std. Error of
the Estimate
R Square
Change
F Change
df1
df2
Sig. F
Change
Change Statistics
Durbin-
Watson
Predictors: (Constant), No Affiliation vs. Indie Kid, No Affiliation vs. Crusty, No Affiliation vs. Metaller
a.
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
b.
Coefficients
a
-.554
.090
-6.134
.000
-.733
-.375
-.412
.167
-.232
-2.464
.015
-.742
-.081
.879
1.138
.028
.160
.017
.177
.860
-.289
.346
.874
1.144
-.410
.205
-.185
-2.001
.048
-.816
-.004
.909
1.100
(Constant)
No Affiliation vs. Cru sty
No Affiliation vs. Metaller
No Affiliation vs. Indie Kid
Model
1
B
Std. Error
Unstanda rdized
Coefficien ts
Beta
Standardized
Coefficien ts
t
Sig.
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
95% Confidence Interval for B
Tolerance
VIF
Collinearity Statistics
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
a.
Collinearity Diagnostics
a
1.727
1.000
.14
.08
.08
.05
1.000
1.314
.00
.37
.32
.00
1.000
1.314
.00
.07
.08
.63
.273
2.515
.86
.48
.52
.32
Dimension
1
2
3
4
Model
1
Eigenvalue
Conditio n
Index
(Constant)
No Affiliation
vs. Crusty
No Affiliation
vs. Metaller
No Affiliation
vs. Indie Kid
Variance Proportions
Dependent Variable: Chan ge in Hygiene Over The Festival
a.
Casewise Diagnostics
a
-2.302
-2.55
-.9658
-1.5842
2.317
1.04
-.5543
1.5943
-2.653
-2.38
-.5543
-1.8257
-2.479
-2.26
-.5543
-1.7057
2.215
.97
-.5543
1.5243
Case Numbe r
31
153
202
346
479
Std. Residual
Change in
Hygiene Over
The Festival
Predicted
Value
Residual
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
a.
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' ..'
Regression Standardized Residual
2.25
1.75
1.25
.75
.25
-.25
-.75
-1.25
-1.75
-2.25
-2.75
Histogram
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
Frequency
20
10
0
Std. Dev = .99
Mea n = 0. 00
N = 123.00
+
Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
Observed Cum Prob
1.00.75.50.250.00
Expected Cum Prob
1.00
.75
.50
.25
0.00
+
Scatterplot
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
Regression Standardized Predicted Value
1.0.50.0-.5-1.0-1.5-2.0
Regression Standardized Residual
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
+
Partial Regression Plot
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
No Affiliation vs. Crusty
.8.6.4.20.0-.2-.4
Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
2
1
0
-1
-2
+
Partial Regression Plot
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
No Affiliation vs. Metaller
.8.6.4.20.0-.2-.4
Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
+
Partial Regression Plot
Dependent Variable: Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
No Affiliation vs. Indie Kid
1.0.8.6.4.20.0-.2-.4
Change in Hygiene Over The Festival
2.0
1.5
1.0
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .U'
2"&#"&13E1
,684+kE34580=+14I4+?63563C+5684+G0739+84+B1987A+
F*875%+&8b+,63C3+1C3+=0+21434+5615+61B3+1+451=71C78T37+C3487E19+:C3153C+561=+SA+"F+D0E+900I+15+
563+2143?843+7 81:= 045824 +51;93+8=+% E 5JE 5+OVH+D0E +21= +433 +5615+56 3C3+? 3 C3+V+21 434+0 E5+0F+1 +50519+
0F+ORS+>F0C+71D+S@+?856+451=71C78T37+C3487E194+1;0B3+RA+-4+1+J3C23=51:3+5684+?0E97+;3+VmORS+n+
OUU+\+MAUL]H+40+5615P4+14+?3+?0E97+3<J325A+,63C3+?14+0=9D+O+2143+0E5+0F+ORS+?856+C3487E194+
1;0B3+RAVH+?6826+14+1+J3C23=51:3+?0E97+;3+OmORS+n+OUU+\+UAcO]++>1=7+?3P7+3< J3 25+O] @H+?6 826 +
8=7821534 +56 3 +7 1 51 +1C3 +2 0 =4 845 3 =5 +? 85 6+?615+?3 P7 +3< J 3 25A++
$36>+&7'()32)*66368b+,63+68450: C1 G+900I4+C3 1 40=1;9D+= 0 C G199D+7845C 8; E 53 7H+8=782158= :+5 61 5 +56 3+
=0CG1985D+0F+3CC0C4+144EGJ580=+614+JC0;1;9D+;33=+G35A+,63+=0CG19+/o/+J905+B3C8F834+5684+
;321E43+563+714637+98=3+7034=P5+73B8153+GE26+FC0G+563+45C18:65+98=3+>?6826+8=7821534+?615+
D0EP7+:35+FC0G+=0CG199D+7845C8;E537+3CC0C4@A+
+P3>38#*5+8'7#7'()+45)745*:*45*4#*)32)*66368b+,63+421 553 CJ905+0F+p/ ( ' ! +B 4 A+p('#"!+7 0 3 4+90 0 I +1 +
;85+077+?856+2153:0C8219+JC378250C4H+;E5+3443=58199D+?3PC3+900I8=:+F0C+563+638:65+0F+563+98=34+50+
;3+1;0E5+563+41G3+>8=782158=:+563+B1C81;8985D+15+3126+0F+563+56C33+93B394+84+563+41G3@A+,684+84+
5CE3H+8=7 821 58= : +6 0 G 0 4 23 7 1 45 8285D A+, 6 3+!EC;8=oY1540=+451584582+1940+F1994+?8568=+563+
C320GG 3= 7 37 +;0E = 71 C834+0F+OoSH+?6826+4E::3454+5615+3CC0C4+1C3+C3140=1;9D+8=73J3=73=5A++
"%&'7#3&&74*+67'(b+K0C+199+B1C81;934+8= +5 6 3+G0739H+& "K +B 1 9E 3 4+1 C3 +; 3 90 ? +O U +>0C+1953C=1 58B 3 9D H+
5093C1=23+B19E3 4+1C3+1 99+?399+1;0 B3 +UAR@+8=7 82158=:+= 0+G E 95820998=31 C85D+8=+563+7 151A++
-99+8=+199H+563+G0739+900I4+F18C9D+C3981;93+>;E5+D0E+460E97+2632I+F0C+8=F9E3=5819+21434@A+
Task 9
D+;&*'8)&7`*)'9*)7E+5)+6*)@*6():3:%&+6,)b)#3>:+4()3<4*6)<+8)74'*6*8'*5)74)93<)'3)>+`*)
978);6+45)32)'+;&*'8)>36*)5*876+;&*,)P*)#3&&*#'*5)5+'+)34)93<)#33&):*3:&*):*6#*7@*5)+)
:635%#'8)+5@*6'7874?)'3);*)-Advert_Cool1B)93<)#33&)'9*()'9 3% ? 9')'9*):635%#')<+8)
-Product_Cool1B)+45)93<)5*876+;&* )'9*( )23% 45 )'9* ):63 5% #')-Desirability1,)D9*)5+'+)+6*)74)
'9*)27&*)Tablets.sav,3D*8')978)'9*36()'9+')'9*)6*&+'734897:);*'<**4)#33&)+5@*6'7874?)+45)
:635%#')5*876+;7&7'()78)>*57+'*5);()93<)#33&):*3:&*)'974`)'9*):635%#')78,)b>)A)893<74?)
>()+?*);()%874?)'9*)<365)c#33&=C)
+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .V'
+
1
**************************************************************************
Model = 4
Y = Desirabi
X = Advert_C
M = Product_
Sample size
240
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Product_
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.1894 .0359 8.8507 1.0000 238.0000 .0032
Model
coeff se t p
constant .4289 .1548 2.7710 .0060
Advert_C .1990 .0669 2.9750 .0032
2"&#"&13E1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .X'
%E5JE5++460?4+563+F8C45+J1C5+0F+563+0E5JE5H+?6826+8=858199D+53994+E4+563+=1G3+0F+563+0E520G3+>d@H+
563+JC378250C+>g@+1= 7 +563+G 3 78150 C+>[ @+B1C81; 934H+? 6826 +61 B3+;3 3= +460 C53= 37 +50+38:65+93553C4A+
,684+84+E43FE9+F0C+70E;93N2632I8=:+?3+61B3+3=53C37+563+B1C81;934+8=+563+20CC325+J 91 23 b+56 3 +
0E520G3+84+A,.*%(C*7*&MH+563+JC378250 C+84+'0+,%&=?$$7H+1=7+563 +G378150 C +84 +O%$0")&=?$$7+A+,63+
=3<5+J1C5+0F+563+0E5JE5+460?4+E4+563+C34E954+0F+563+48GJ93+C3:C34480=+0F+O%$0")&=?$$7+
JC3782537+FC0G+2009+17B3C5848=:A+,684+0E5JE5+84+8=53CJC3537+ZE45+14+?3+?0 E97+8=53 CJC3 5+1=D +
C3:C34480=b+?3+21 =+43 3+561 5+60 ? +200 9+J30 J 93+J3 C238B3 +563+1 7B3 C5848=: +50+;3 +48:=8F821 =59D+
JC378254+60?+2009+563D+568=I+563+JC07E25+84H+;+\+UARUH+'+\+RAWcH+:+\+AUUSA+,63+F
R
+B19E3+53994+E4+
5615+2009+17B3C5848= :+3<J 918=4+SAVW]+0F+563+B1C81=23+8=+60?+2009+563D+568=I+563+JC07E25+84H+1=7+
563+F125+5615+563+;+84+J04858B 3+5 3994 +E 4+5 61 5+5 6 3+C 391 580 = 4 6 8J+84 +J 0 485 8B3 +194 0 b+56 3 +G0C3+h200 9P+
J30J93+568=I+563+17B3C5848=:+84H+563+G0C3+h2009P+563D+568=I+563+JC07E25+84+>1=7+B823+B3C41@A+
**************************************************************************
Outcome: Desirabi
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.3601 .1297 17.6543 2.0000 237.0000 .0000
Model
coeff se t p
constant 3.1431 .1376 22.8486 .0000
Product_ .2479 .0567 4.3720 .0000
Advert_C .1861 .0596 3.1235 .0020
2"&#"&13F1
%E5JE5++460?4+563+C34E954+0F+563+C3:C34480=+0F+A,.*%(C*7*&M+JC3782537+FC0G+;056+60?+2009+
J30J93+568=I+563+JC07E25+84+1=7+60?+2009+J30J93+568=I+563+17B3C5848=:+84A+Y3+21=+433+5615+2009+
17B3C5848=:+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+JC07E25+7348C1;8985D+3B3=+?856+O%$0")&=?$$7+8=+563+G 07 3 9H+;+\+
UAOWH+'+\+SAORH+:+\+AUURQ+O%$0")&=?$$7+1940+48:=8F821=59D+JC378254+JC07E25+7348C1;8985DH+;+\+UARVH+'+
\+MASLH+:+a+AUUOA+,63+F
R
+B19E34+53994+E4+5615+563+G0739+3<J918=4+ORAWL]+0F+563+B1C81 =2 3+8=+
JC07E25+7348C1;8985DA+,63+J04858B3+;4+F0C+O%$0")&=?$$7+1=7+'0+,%&=?$$7+53994+E4+5615+14+17B3C54+
1=7+JC07E254+8=2C3143+8=+60?+2009+563D+1C3+J3C238B37+50+;3H+JC07E25+7348C1;8985D+8=2C31434+1940+
>1=7+B823+B3C41@A+, 63 43+C3 91580= 46 8J4+1 C3+8=+5 63+JC3782537+78C32580=A+
************************** TOTAL EFFECT MODEL ****************************
Outcome: Desirabi
Model Summary
R R-sq F df1 df2 p
.2439 .0595 15.0488 1.0000 238.0000 .0001
Model
coeff se t p
constant 3.2494 .1405 23.1352 .0000
Advert_C .2355 .0607 3.8793 .0001
2"&#"&13G1
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .Y'
%E5JE5++460?4+563+50519+3FF325+0F+2009+17B3C5848=:+0=+JC07E25+7348C1;8985D+>0E520G3@A+d0E+
?899+:35+5684+;85+0F+563+0E5JE5+0=9D+8F+D0E+43932537+D3'+&)*22*#')>35*&A+,63+50519+3FF325+84+563 +
3FF325+0F+563+JC378250C+0=+563+0E520G3+?63=+563+G 3 78150 C+84+=05+J C343 =5+8=+563 +G 07 39A+Y 63 =+
O%$0")&=?$$7+84+=05+8=+563+G 0 7 3 9H+20 0 9+17 B 3 C584 8=: +4 8:= 8F82 1 = 59D+J C3 7 82 54+J C0 7 E 2 5+7 3 48C1 ; 8985D H+;+
\+ARMH+'+\+SAccH+:+a+AUUOA+,63+F
R
+B19E34+53994+E4+5615+563+G0739+3<J918=4+VAW_]+0F+563+B1C81=23+8=+
JC07E25+7348C1;8985DA+-4+84+563+2143+? 6 3= +?3 +8=29E 73 +O%$0")&=?$$7+8=+563+G 0 73 9H+'0+,%&=?$$7+
614+1+J04858B3+C391580=468J+?856+JC07E25+7348C1;8985D+>14+460?=+;D+563+J04858B3+;NB19E3@A+
***************** TOTAL, DIRECT, AND INDIRECT EFFECTS ********************
Total effect of X on Y
Effect SE t p
.2355 .0607 3.8793 .0001
Direct effect of X on Y
Effect SE t p
.1861 .0596 3.1235 .0020
Indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .0493 .0219 .0135 .1023
Partially standardized indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .0655 .0283 .0169 .1321
Completely standardized indirect effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .0511 .0226 .0139 .1057
Ratio of indirect to total effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .2095 .1373 .0638 .5553
Ratio of indirect to direct effect of X on Y
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .2650 8.3929 .0666 1.2284
R-squared mediation effect size (R-sq_med)
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .0236 .0136 .0049 .0621
Preacher and Kelley (2011) Kappa-squared
Effect Boot SE BootLLCI BootULCI
Product_ .0518 .0225 .0138 .1074
2"&#"&13I1
%E5JE5++84+563+G045+8G J0 C 51 =5 +J 1C 5+0 F+56 3 +0 E 5J E 5+; 3 21 E 43 +85+7 84 J 91D 4+5 6 3+C 34 E 954 +F0 C+56 3 +
8=78C325+3 FF3 25 +0F +20 0 9+1 7B 3 C584 8= :+0 = +J C0 7 E 25 +7 34 8C1 ; 8985D+> 8A3A+5 6 3+3 FF3 25 +B81 +O%$0")&=?$$7@A+
K8C45H+?3PC3+1:18=+5097+563+3FF325+0F+2009+17B3C5848=:+0=+563+JC07E25+7348C1;8985D+8=+84091580=+>563+
50519+3FF325@A+)3<5H+?3 PC3+5097+56 3+3FF3 25+0F+20 09+17 B3C5848=: +0= +563+J C07 E2 5+7348C1; 8985D+?6 3= +
O%$0")&=?$$7+84+8=29E737+14+1 +J C3 7 825 0 C+14 +? 3 99+>5 63 +7 8C3 25 +3F F3 25@ A+,6 3 +F8C45+;85+0 F+=3? +
8=F0CG1 580 = +84 +56 3 +A45 76 *# ')I 22 *# ')3 2)O )3 4 )NH+?6826+8=+5684+214 3 +84 +56 3 +8=78C325+3 F F3 2 5+0 F +2 0 0 9+
17B3C5848=:+0=+563+JC07E25+7348C1;8985DA+Y3PC3+:8B3=+1=+3458G153+0F+5684+3FF325+>;+\+UAUMW@+14+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .['
?399+14+1+;00545C1JJ37+451=71C7+3CC0C+1=7+20=F873=23+8=53CB19A+-4+?3+61B3+433=+G1=D+58G34+
;3F0C3H+WV]+20=F873=23+8=53CB194+20=518=+563+5CE3+B19E3+0F+1+J1C1G353C+8=+WV]+0F+41GJ934A+
,63C3F0C3H+?3+53=7+50+144EG3+5615+0EC+41GJ93+84=P5+0=3+0F+563+V]+5615+7034+=05+20=518=+563+
5CE3+B19E3+1=7 +E43+56 3G +50 +8=F3C+563+J 0J E91580 =+B1 9E3+0 F+1=+3FF3 25A+"=+5684+21 43H+144E G 8=: +0EC+
41GJ93+84+0=3+0F+563+WV]+5615+h6854P+563+5CE3+B19E3H+?3+I=0?+5615+563+5CE3+;NB19E3+F0C+563+
8=78C325+3 FF3 25 +F1994 +; 3 5? 3 3 = +AUO S V +1 = 7 +AOU R S A+, 6 84+C 1= : 3 +70 3 4+= 0 5 +8=2 9E 7 3+T 3 C0 H+1= 7 +C3 G3G;3 C+
5615+;+\+U+?0E97+G31=+h=0+3FF325+?615403B3CPQ+563C3F0C3H+563+F125+5615+563+20=F873=23+8=53CB19+
7034+=05+20=518=+T3C0+G31=4+5615+563C3+84+98I39D+50+;3+1+:3=E8=3+8=78C325+3FF325A+/E5+1=0563C+
?1DH+O%$0")&=?$$7+84+1+G378150 C+0 F+5 63 +C3 91 580 = 46 8J +; 3 5? 3 3 = +20 0 9+1 7 B3 C584 8= : +1= 7+JC07E25+
7348C1;8985DA+
+,63+C345+0F+%E5JE5+ D0E+?899+433+0=9D+8F+D0E+43932537+I22*#')87_*Q+85+20=518= 4+B 1 C80 E 4+
451=71C78T37+F0CG4+0F+563+8=78C325+3FF325A+"=+3126+2143+563D+1C3+1220GJ1=837+;D+1+
;00545C1JJ37+20=F873=23+8=53CB19A+-4+?856+563+E=451=71C78T37+8=78C325+3FF325H+8F+563+20=F873=23+
8=53CB194+7 0 = P5+2 0 =5 18= +T 3 C0 +56 3 =+?3+21=+; 3+2 0 = F87 3= 5 +56 1 5+56 3 +5CE 3 +3 FF3 25 +48T 3+84 +7 8FF3 C3 = 5+FC0 G +
h=0+3FF3 2 5PA+" = +0 563C+?0 C7 4 H+563C3+84+G3781580=A+-99+0F+563+3FF325+48T3+G314EC34+61B3+20=F873=23+
8=53CB194+5 6 15 +70 = P5+8= 2 9E 7 3+T 3C 0 H+40 +? 6 1 53 B3 C+0 = 3 +? 3 +90 0 I+1 5+? 3 +2 1= +; 3 +F1 8C9D+2 0 = F87 3= 5 +56 1 5+
563+8=78C325+3FF325+84+:C3153 C+561 =+h=0 +3FF32 5PA+K02E 48=:+0 =+563 +G 045+E 43FE 9+0F+5634 3+3FF3 25+48T34H+
563+451=71C7 8T37+;)F0C+563 +8=78C3 25+3FF32 5H+854+B19E3 +84+;+\+AUVOH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUOMH+A+OU_`H+1=7+
48G891C9DH+!𝜅
!
+\+AUVRH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUOMH+AOUL`A+!𝜅
!
+84+;0E= 7 3 7 +50 +F1 99+; 35 ? 3 3 =+U +1 = 7 +O H+40 +? 3 +21 = +
8=53CJC35 +56 84+1 4 +56 3 +8=7 8C3 2 5+3 FF3 25 +; 38= : +1 ;0 E 5 +VAR ]+0F+563+G1<8GE G+B19E3+56 1 5+85+2 0 E 97+6 1 B 3+
;33=H+?6826+84+1+F18C9D+4G199+3FF325A+Y3+G8:65H+563C3F0C3H+?1=5+50+900I+F0C+0563C+J053=5819+
G378150C4+50+8=29E73+8=+563+G0739+8=+1778580=+50+60?+2009+J30J93+568=I+563+JC07E25+84A+
Normal theory tests for indirect effect
Effect se Z p
.0493 .0204 2.4168 .0157
2"&#"&13J1
%E5JE5++460?4+563+C34E954+0F+563+#0;39+5345A+-4+"+61B3+G3=580=37+;3F0C3H+85+84+;3553C+50+
8=53CJC35 +56 3 +;0 0 5 45C 1J +2 0 =F 87 3= 2 3+8= 5 3CB 1 94+5 61 = +F0 CG19+53454+0 F+4 8: = 8F821 = 23 Q+6 0 ? 3 B3 CH+8F+D 0 E +
43932537+J3;*&)'*8'+5684+84+?615+D0E+?899+433A+-:18=H+?3PC3+:8B3=+563+48T3+0F+563+8=78C325+3FF325+>;+
\+UAUV@H+563+451=71C7+3CC0CH+1440281537+_N420C3+>_)\+RAMR@+1=7+:NB19E3+>:+\+AUO_@A+,63+:NB19E3+84+
E=73C+563+=05N15N199+G1:82+AUV+56C346097+40+?3P7+20=29E73+5615+563C3+84+1+48:=8F821=5+8=78C325+
3FF325H+40+563C3+84+20GJ3998=:+3B873=23+5615+563C3+84+1+G31=8=:FE9+G3781580=+3FF325A+
Reporting the results of the mediation analysis
#0G3+J30J93+C3J0C5+0=9D+563+8=78C325+3FF325+8=+G3781580=+1=19D484H+1=7+J0448;9D+563+#0;39+5345A+
i0?3B3CH+"+61B3+C3J3153 79D +F1B0 EC3 7+E4 8=:+; 00 545C1J +20= F873 =2 3+8=53 CB194H+40+D0 E +460 E97 +
C3J0C5+56343H+1=7 +JC3 F3C1 ;9D+56 3+3FF3 25+48T3+!𝜅
!
+1=7+854+20=F873=23+8=53CB19b+
!"#$%&'(")*+#,-,"#,"$#+.#")*+#/##+
PROFESSOR'ANDY'P'FIELD' ' .0'
! ,63C3+?14+1+48:=8F821=5+8=78C325+3FF325+0F+60?+2009+J30J93+568=I+1+JC07E254P+
17B3C5848=:+84+0=+563+7348C1;8985D+0F+563+JC07E25+560E:6+60?+2009+563D+568=I+563+
JC07E25+84H+;+\+UAUMWH+X$1+$"+^UAUOMH+UAOUR`A+,684+C3JC343=5+1+C39158B39D+4G199+3FF325H+
!𝜅
!
+\+AUVRH+WV]+X$1+$"+^AUOMH+AOUL`A+
+
+
+
