Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U1L1
Direct Object Pronouns
Direct objects receive the action of the verb in a sentence. They answer the
question whom? or what? about the verb. Direct object pronouns (or DOP’s) take
the place of direct object nouns.
Ejemplo:
I have the passport. I have it. Tengo el pasaporte. Lo tengo.
Direct object pronouns can be used to replace direct object nouns. Here’s how:
Direct Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Me
Me
Nos
Us
Te
You (familiar)
Os
You (familiar)
Lo
You (formal),
him, it
Los
You, them
La
You (formal),
her, it
Las
You, them
Direct object pronouns are placed directly before conjugated verbs.
Veo a la profesora. La veo.
I see the teacher. I see her.
Héctor tiene el itinerario. Héctor lo tiene.
Héctor has the itinerary. Héctor has it.
noun
pronoun
noun
pronoun
femenine
e
masculine
e
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the direct object pronoun can be
placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.
No voy a hacer la maleta hoy. No la voy a hacer hoy.
I’m not going to pack the suitcase today.
or
No voy a hacerla hoy.
I’m not going to pack it today.
conjugated
verb
infinitive
direct object
direct object
pronoun
direct object
pronoun
infinitive
infinitive
conjugated
verb
conjugated
verb
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U1L1
Indirect Object Pronouns
Indirect objects are nouns that answer the questions to whom? or for whom? about
the verb. Indirect object pronouns (or IDOP’s) take the place of indirect object
nouns.
Ejemplo:
Rosa gives her a ticket. Rosa le da un boleto.
In Spanish, indirect object pronouns are used to accompany or replace nouns that
act as indirect objects. Here’s how:
The indirect object pronouns me, te, nos, and os are the same as the direct
object pronouns. Only the usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas forms are
different.
Indirect Object Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Me
Me
Nos
Us
Te
You (familiar)
Os
You (familiar)
Le
You (formal),
him, her
Les
You, them
In Spanish, you must use the indirect object pronoun to accompany the noun it
modifies or to replace the noun. The pronoun appears before conjugated verbs.
accompanies replaces
Mamá les da el dinero a José y Ana. Mamá les da el dinero.
Mom gives José and Ana the money. Mom gives them the money.
indirect object noun
indirect object pronoun
When an infinitive follows the conjugated verb, the indirect object pronoun can
be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive.
before
Le voy a vender mi coche a Sara. becomes Le voy a vender mi coche.
I’m going to sell Sara my car.
or
attached
Voy a venderle mi coche.
I’m going to sell her my car.
Indirect object
pronoun
infinitive
indirect
object noun
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U1L2
Preterite of IR, SER, HACER, VER & DAR
The verbs ir, ser, hacer, ver and dar are irregular in the preterite tense. They are
formed without regular past-tense endings.
Here’s how:
The preterite forms of ir and ser are exactly the same. You must
use clues in the sentence to determine whether ir or ser is being
used in the preterite.
ir to go / ser to be
Yo
fui
Nosotros(as)
fuimos
Tú
fuiste
Vosotros(as)
fuisteis
Usted, Él, Ella
fue
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
fueron
Fuimos al parque de diversiones. ¡Fue un día muy divertido!
We went to the amusement park. It was a very fun day!
Hacer has its own preterite-tense forms. In the usted/él/ella form
the c of the stem becomes a z.
hacer to do; to make
Yo
hice
Nosotros(as)
hicimos
Tú
hiciste
Vosotros(as)
hicisteis
Usted, Él, Ella
hizo
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
hicieron
- ¿Qué hizo usted ayer? - Hice la tarea.
- What did you do yesterday? - I did the homework.
IR & SER
HACER
The verbs ver and dar take regular –er/-ir past tense endings in
the preterite but have no written accent marks.
ver to see
Yo
vi
Nosotros(as)
vimos
Tú
viste
Vosotros(as)
visteis
Usted,
Él, Ella
vio
Ustedes,
Ellos, Ellas
vieron
dar to give
Yo
di
Nosotros(as)
dimos
Tú
diste
Vosotros(as)
disteis
Usted,
Él, Ella
dio
Ustedes,
Ellos, Ellas
dieron
Vimos mucho arte interesante en el museo. Mi amigo me dio un regalo.
We saw a lot of interesting art at the museum. My friend gave me a gift.
VER & DAR
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U1L2
Preterite of –AR verbs
Tense refers to when an action takes place. Many verbs are spelled differently in the
past tense than they are in the present tense. For regular verbs, the endings change.
Ejemplo:
He talks. Él habla. He talked. Él habló.
The preterite tense in Spanish tells what happened at a particular moment in the
past. How do you form the preterite of –ar verbs?
Here’s how: Like present-tense verbs, you form the preterite tense of regular
verbs by adding tense endings to the verb stem.
visitar to visit
Yo
Visité
Nosotros(as)
Visitamos
Tú
Visitaste
Vosotros(as)
Visitasteis
Usted, Él, Ella
Visitó
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
visitaron
Durante las vacaciones, yo monté a caballo, mi mamá visitó un museo
y mis hermanos nadaron.
During vacation, I went horseback riding, my mom visited a museum
and my brothers went swimming.
The nosotros ending in the preterite tense is the same as in the present tense. Look
for clues in the sentence to help you determine whether the verb is in the present or
past tense.
Acampamos anoche en el parque. We camped last night in the park.
The word anoche tells you that the verb acampamos is in the preterite tense, not
the present.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
present tense verb endings
past-tense verb endings
Gramática – U2L1
Preterite of –ER/–IR verbs
Regular –er and –ir verbs are different from regular –ar verbs in the preterite tense.
Regular –er and –ir verbs have the same preterite endings.
comer to eat
Yo
Comí
Nosotros(as)
Comimos
Tú
Comiste
Vosotros(as)
Comisteis
Usted, Él, Ella
Comió
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
Comieron
escribir to write
Yo
Escribí
Nosotros(as)
Escribimos
Tú
Escribiste
Vosotros(as)
Escribisteis
Usted, Él, Ella
Escribió
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
Escribieron
Note that the nosotros form of –ir verbs is the same in the preterite and tin the
present tense (-imos). Look for clues in the sentence to help you recognize whether
the verb is in the present or past tense.
Recibimos el premio ayer. The word ayer tells you that recibimos is in
We received the prize yesterday. the preterite tense.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U2L2
Reflexive Verbs
In Spanish, all reflexive verbs are expressed with a reflexive pronoun.
-In the infinitive form of reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun
attaches to the end: bañarse.
-When you conjugate reflexive verbs, the pronoun appears
_________ the conjugated verb.
bañarse to bathe/to take a bath
Yo
me baño
Nosotros(as)
nos bañamos
Tú
te bañas
Vosotros(as)
os bañáis
Usted, Él, Ella
se baña
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
se bañan
MODELO: Jorgito se baña a las ocho. Jorgito takes a bath at eight.
When a reflexive verb follows a conjugated verb, use the correct reflexive
pronoun with the infinitive. attached
You can attach the pronoun ¿A qué hora quieres despertarte?
to the infinitive. What time do you want to wake up?
before
You can also place the pronoun Me quiero despertar a las siete.
before the conjugated verb. I want to wake up at seven.
---------------------------
Some verbs are not always reflexive.
Not reflexive Yo despierto a Celia a las siete.
I wake up Celia at seven.
Reflexive Yo me despierto a las siete.
I wake (myself) up at seven.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U2L2
Present Progressive
English grammar connection: The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE is used to say
that something is happening NOW. In English, you make it by using a form of the
verb to be with a verb that ends in –ing, called a PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
They are singing. Ellos están cantando.
Use the present tense of ESTAR plus the PRESENT PARTICIPLE to form the PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE.
Here’s how: To make a present participle, drop the end of the infinitive and add:
-ando (-ar verbs) or –iendo (-er/-ir verbs)
becomes
comprar
comprando
comer comiendo
escribir escribiendo
Estoy comprando las toallas. ¿Qué estás comiendo?
I am buying the towels. What are you eating?
___________________________________________________________________
When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a becomes
vowel, change the –iendo to –yendo. leer leyendo
___________________________________________________________________
Some –ir verbs change vowels in the stem of e i decir diciendo
the present participle form. o u dormir durmiendo
___________________________________________________________________
Pronouns can either be placed before the conjugated form of estar or attached to
the end of the PRESENT PARTICIPLE. When you attach a pronoun to the present
participle, you need to add an accent to the stressed vowel.
Me estoy arreglando. or Estoy arreglándome.
I am getting ready.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U3L1
before
after
Present Tense of Irregular YO Verbs
Some present-tense verbs are irregular only in the yo form. They have endings
different from the –o ending of regular verbs.
Here’s how: The verbs hacer, poner, salir, and traer end in –go in the yo form.
Compare them with their tú forms in the present tense.
hacer
to make; to do
poner
to put; to place
salir
to go out; to leave
traer
to bring
yo hago
tú haces
pongo
pones
salgo
sales
traigo
traes
The verbs decir, venir, and tener also end in –go in the yo form.
All are stem-changing verbs, but only decir changes its stem in
the yo form.
decir (e→i)
to say; to tell
venir (e→ie)
to come
tener (e→ie)
to have
yo digo
tú dices
vengo
vienes
tengo
tienes
Conocer, dar, saber, and ver also have irregular yo forms in the
present tense.
conocer
to know; to meet
dar
to give
saber
to know
ver
to see
yo conozco
tú conoces
doy
das
sé
sabes
veo
ves
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U3L1
REPASO
Pronouns after Prepositions
Pronouns that follow prepositions are different from subject pronouns and object
pronouns.
Here’s how: Use these pronouns after prepositions like para, de, a, and con.
Pronouns after Prepositions
mí nosotros(as)
ti vosotros(as)
él, ella, usted ellos, ellas,
ustedes
Notice that these pronouns are the same as the subject pronouns in all forms except
mí (yo) and ti (tú).
Clara vive lejos de nosotros. Clara lives far from us.
Tengo un regalo para ti. I have a gift for you.
With verbs like gustar, use pronouns after the preposition a to add emphasis.
A mí no me gusta la ropa de cuadros. I really don’t like plaid clothes.
The pronoun after a can also clarify to whom a sentence refers.
preposition
pronoun
preposition
pronoun
preposition
pronoun
Uncertain Le gusta ir a la librería. He/She/You like(s) to go to the bookstore.
Certain A él le gusta ir a la librería. He likes to go to the bookstore.
When you use mí and ti after the preposition con, they combine with con to form
the words conmigo and contigo.
¿Vas a la fiesta conmigo o con Jorge? Are you going to the party with me or with Jorge?
No voy con él; voy contigo. I’m not going with him; I’m going with you.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U3L2
preposition
pronoun
preposition
pronoun
preposition
pronoun
How long?
To describe how long something has been going on, use:
Hace + the period of time + que + the present tense
Hace dos meses que quiero comprar esa pintura.
How long ago?
To describe how long ago something happened, use:
Hace + the period of time + que + the preterite tense
Hace dos años que fui a Puerto Rico.
I went to Puerto Rico two years ago.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U3L2
Irregular Preterite Verbs
English Grammar Connection: To form the past tense of irregular verbs in
English you do not add the regular ending of –ed ending. Instead, you change the
form of the verb.
she is becomes→ she was ella está becomes→ ella estuvo
___________________________________________________________________
The verbs estar, poder, poner, saber, and tener are irregular in the preterite tense.
To form the preterite of these verbs, you must change their stems and add irregular
preterite endings.
Here’s how: Each of these verbs has a unique stem in the preterite, but they all
take the same endings.
¿Dónde pusiste mi cartera? Where did you put my wallet?
Ella estuvo en casa ayer. She was at home yesterday.
_____________________________________________________________________________
The verb saber usually has a different meaning in the preterite. It means to find out.
Yo supe la verdad ayer. I found out the truth yesterday.
Verb
Stem
estar
to be
estuv-
poder
to be able
pud-
poner
to put / to place
pus-
saber
to know
sup-
tener
to have
tuv-
Preterite Endings
-e
-imos
-iste
-isteis
-o
-ieron
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U3L2
Preterite of –ir Stem-Changing Verbs
English Grammar Connection: Most English verbs in the past tense have
the same form no matter who the subject is: I asked, you asked, they asked.
In Spanish, however, some verbs must change their stems in the past tense
depending on the person who carries out the action.
___________________________________________________________________
Remember that many –ir, verbs have stem changes in the present tense. These
verbs change their stems in some forms of the preterite tense too.
Here’s how: Stem-changing –ir verbs in the preterite change only in the 3
rd
person
singular (usted/él/ella) and the 3
rd
person plural (ustedes/ellos/ellas) forms.
Preterite tense e→i Preterite tense o→u
¿Qué pidieron en el mercado? Zulma durmió diez horas anoche.
What did they ask for as the market? Zulma slept ten hours last night.
.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Here are some other e →i preterite stem-changing verbs that follow the pattern of pedir.
¿Quiénes compitieron en el campeonato?
Who competed in the championship?
Nosotros competimos y ganamos.
We competed and we won.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
dormir –
to sleep
dormí
dormimos
dormiste
dormisteis
durmió
durmieron
pedir –
to ask for
pedí
pedimos
pediste
pedisteis
pidió
pidieron
preferir
to prefer
servir
to serve
vestirse
to get dressed
competir
to compete
seguir
to follow
Gramática – U4L1
El imperfecto
The imperfect is another past tense in Spanish. You use it to describe something
that was not “perfected” or “completed” in the past.
Use it to:
- Talk about something that was happening
- Talk about something you used to do
- Say how old someone was
- Tell what the time was
Regular verbs in the imperfect take the following endings:
Estar
Hacer
Salir
Yo
estaba
hacía
salía
Tú
estabas
hacías
salías
Usted, Él,
Ella
estaba
hacía
salía
Nosotros
estábamos
hacíamos
salíamos
Vosotros
estabais
hacíais
salíais
Ustedes,
Ellos, Ellas
estaban
hacían
salían
MODELO: Él estaba aquí cuando yo hacía el pastel.
He was here when I was making the cake.
There are only 3 irregular verbs in the imperfect.
Ser
Ir
Ver
Yo
era
iba
veía
Tú
eras
ibas
veías
Usted, Él, Ella
era
iba
veía
Nosotros
éramos
íbamos
veíamos
Vosotros
erais
ibais
veíais
Ustedes, Ellos,
Ellas
eran
iban
veían
MODELO: Cuando yo era niña, íbamos a la playa.
When I was little, we used to go to the beach.
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U4L1
Preterite & Imperfect
You have learned two forms of the past tense in Spanish: the
preterite and the imperfect. How do you know when to use each one?
Preterite usage
Imperfect usage
- Actions that are completed in the past.
- Actions that have definite beginning and end
points.
- Actions that happened only one time or refer to
only one time.
- Actions that happened a specific number of
times or at a certain time.
- Actions that were part of a chain of events.
- Actions that interrupt the imperfect.
- Actions that are incomplete in the past
(ongoing actions).
- Actions that do not have a definite beginning
or end/refer to a time in general in the past.
- Actions that were repeated habitually.
- Talking about age, time, feelings in the past.
- Description in the past. “Setting the stage.”
- Two actions happening at the same time in the
past.
Useful phrases for the Preterite:
Una vez – once (one time)
Anoche – last night
Ayer - yesterday
El otro día - the other day
El año (verano, sábado) pasado – last (year)
Un día – one day
El (lunes) – On (Monday)
Hace (dos días) – (two days) ago
La semana pasada – last week
Useful phrases for the Imperfect:
A veces – sometimes
Muchas veces - often
A menudo - often
Cada día/semana/vez – every day/week/time
Todos los días/veranos/sábados – every
day/summer/saturday
De vez en cuando – once in a while
Frecuentemente/con frecuencia - frequently
Generalmente - generally
Siempre - always
Nunca – never
Todo el tiempo – all the time
Los lunes – on Mondays
Mientras – while/meanwhile
Example:
El domingo pasado fui al mercado para comprar unas artesanías. (Preterite)
Last Sunday I went to the market to buy some handicrafts.
Todos los domingos iba al mercado para comprar unas artesanías. (Imperfect)
Every Sunday I would go (used to go) to the market to buy some handicrafts.
Me llamo _______________________________ La fecha ____________________________
El pretérito y el imperfecto español II
EL IMPERFECTO
Conjugations:
AR ER/IR
aba ía
abas ías
aba ía
ábamos íamos
aban ían
3 Irregulares
VER SER IR
veía era iba
veías eras ibas
veía era iba
veíamos éramos íbamos
veían eran iban
**Había**
EL PRETERITO
Conjugations:
AR ER/IR
é í
aste iste
ó ió
amos imos
aron ieron
Irregular U group I group J group
e tener-tuv venir-vin decir-dij
iste estar-estuv querer-quis traer-traj
o poder-pud hacer-hic
imos poner-pus (hizo)
ieron saber-sup
(eron in J group)
Totally Irregular Ser/Ir Dar Ver
fui di vi
fuiste diste viste
fue dio vio
fuimos dimos vimos
**Hubo** fueron dieron vieron
CONOCER-to meet
SABER-to find out
PODER-to manage with an attempt
QUERER-to intend with an attempt
Car c-qu
Gar g-gu ONLY IN 1
st
PERSON
Zar z-c SINGULAR
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
3 Vowel Y change
3
rd
PERSON
“IR” stem change SINGULAR
o-u & PLURAL
e-i
Nombre___________________________________ Fecha_____________ Periodo_____
Gramática – U4L2
-car, -gar, and –zar verbs
In the preterite, verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar are spelled differently in the yo
form to maintain their pronunciation.
Here’s how:
buscar c qu (yo) busqué
pagar g gu (yo) pagué
empezar z c (yo) empecé
For example:
tú form yo form
¿Buscaste las ruinas? Sí, busqué las ruinas.
Did you look for the ruins? Yes, I looked for the ruins.
¿Pagaste la cuenta? No, no pagué la cuenta.
Did you pay the bill? No, I didn’t pay the bill.
¿Cuándo empezaste la excavación? Empecé la excavación ayer.
When did you begin the excavation? I began the excavation yesterday.
Here are some other verbs that change in the same way:
-car -gar -zar
sacar llegar almorzar
tocar jugar comenzar